The use of mice in diabetes research: the impact of physiological characteristics, choice of model and husbandry practices

In archaeology, changes in human–animal relationships are rarely considered beyond the moment of domestication. This is influenced by Ingold’s idea that domestication led to a shift in the human engagement with animals (Ingold 2000: 61–76; see Armstrong Oma 2007: 62–4, 2010 for critique). I do not question the validity of such a claim; however, I argue that changes in terms of engagement also happened beyond domestication, and that various configurations of human–animal relationships have existed throughout history. Further, I argue that such changes also have consequences for the environment, by choice of land use strategies and husbandry regimes. A twofold purpose is pursued: first, to investigate how changes in social systems, in my case changes in terms of engagement between humans and animals, affect land use in such a way as to impinge upon natural systems and ecosystems. Second, I wish to grasp the political underpinnings of the models that are employed by archaeologists and, by doing so, to deconstruct the political use of the past (see also Stump, Chapter 10 this volume). Alternative models regarding economic strategies are sought, and the implications of these are discussed. Human–environment studies frequently deal with the impact of human intrusive land use strategies on ecosystems. Awareness has been created around these processes regarding land use techniques and practices (for example Denham and White 2007; Mazoyer and Roudart 2006). However, in European archaeology the impact of husbandry practices upon ecosystems has received considerably less, if any, attention. People in past societies from the Neolithic onwards made the conscious decision to live with animals as herders or as farmers, blending together social and economic choices that had repercussions for landscape developments and ecosystems. Investigations into the relationship between environmental changes caused by husbandry practices and the social systems that instigated those changes are an important contribution to research on past environmental development. These changes are identifiable in the archaeological record.

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The Impact of the Physiological Characteristics of Perishables on Aircraft Environmental Control Systems

10.4271/680724 ◽

1968 ◽

Author(s):

D. M. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

The Impact

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Pharmacotherapy: Its impact on morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier

Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii ◽

10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-1-59-76 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 59-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. D. Petrunin

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systemic Therapy ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Human Epidermis ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

Epidermal Barrier ◽

The Impact

Various pharmaceuticals used for topical and systemic therapy are capable of exerting significant impact on morphological and physiological characteristics of human epidermis, as well as its barrier properties. This may affect the course of dermatologic diseases and the efficacy of their treatment. In this literature review, the author analyzes the impact of various pharmaceutical classes on the morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier and formulates recommendations for skin disease treatment.

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Physiological state of reused brewing yeast

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/84/2012-cjfs ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 264-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Kordialik-Bogacka ◽

A. Diowksz

Keyword(s):

Yeast Strain ◽

Significant Variation ◽

Physiological Condition ◽

Physiological State ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Yeast Culture ◽

Brewing Yeast ◽

Flavour Compounds ◽

The Impact ◽

Is Strain

In brewing, yeast may be reused many times. A number of yeast repitchings differs significantly among the breweries. Adjusting the number of times a strain may be serially repitched is of great importance for quality and consistency of final products. The fermentative and physiological characteristics of the yeast culture used in successive laboratory scale fermentations were determined. Yeast physiological state was assessed by the measurement of the levels of intracellular carbohydrates. In our investigation there were not any detectable changes in yeast capacity to ferment. No significant variation in the production of flavour compounds was found either. However, intracellular glycogen and trehalose contents were dependant on the yeast strain, generation number and wort gravity. Nevertheless, an alteration in the yeast physiological condition during serial repitchings occurred in a different mode than in previous studies confirming that the impact of serial repitchings is strain and medium dependent to a large extent.  

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Degeneracy in the robust expression of spectral selectivity, subthreshold oscillations, and intrinsic excitability of entorhinal stellate cells

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00136.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 576-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Divyansh Mittal ◽

Rishikesh Narayanan

Keyword(s):

Stellate Cells ◽

Gamma Band ◽

Heterogeneous Population ◽

Coincidence Detection ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Spectral Selectivity ◽

Theta Frequency ◽

Detection Capabilities ◽

The Impact ◽

Channel Properties

Biological heterogeneities are ubiquitous and play critical roles in the emergence of physiology at multiple scales. Although neurons in layer II (LII) of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) express heterogeneities in channel properties, the impact of such heterogeneities on the robustness of their cellular-scale physiology has not been assessed. Here, we performed a 55-parameter stochastic search spanning nine voltage- or calcium-activated channels to assess the impact of channel heterogeneities on the concomitant emergence of 10 in vitro electrophysiological characteristics of LII stellate cells (SCs). We generated 150,000 models and found a heterogeneous subpopulation of 449 valid models to robustly match all electrophysiological signatures. We employed this heterogeneous population to demonstrate the emergence of cellular-scale degeneracy in SCs, whereby disparate parametric combinations expressing weak pairwise correlations resulted in similar models. We then assessed the impact of virtually knocking out each channel from all valid models and demonstrate that the mapping between channels and measurements was many-to-many, a critical requirement for the expression of degeneracy. Finally, we quantitatively predict that the spike-triggered average of SCs should be endowed with theta-frequency spectral selectivity and coincidence detection capabilities in the fast gamma-band. We postulate this fast gamma-band coincidence detection as an instance of cellular-scale-efficient coding, whereby SC response characteristics match the dominant oscillatory signals in LII MEC. The heterogeneous population of valid SC models built here unveils the robust emergence of cellular-scale physiology despite significant channel heterogeneities, and forms an efficacious substrate for evaluating the impact of biological heterogeneities on entorhinal network function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed the impact of heterogeneities in channel properties on the robustness of cellular-scale physiology of medial entorhinal cortical stellate neurons. We demonstrate that neuronal models with disparate channel combinations were endowed with similar physiological characteristics, as a consequence of the many-to-many mapping between channel properties and the physiological characteristics that they modulate. We predict that the spike-triggered average of stellate cells should be endowed with theta-frequency spectral selectivity and fast gamma-band coincidence detection capabilities.

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The Impact of Single-Cell Genomics on Adipose Tissue Research

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21134773 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4773

Author(s):

Alana Deutsch ◽

Daorong Feng ◽

Jeffrey E. Pessin ◽

Kosaku Shinoda

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Single Cell ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Whole Body ◽

Diabetes Research ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Important Regulator ◽

Whole Body Metabolism ◽

Tissue Aging ◽

The Impact

Adipose tissue is an important regulator of whole-body metabolism and energy homeostasis. The unprecedented growth of obesity and metabolic disease worldwide has required paralleled advancements in research on this dynamic endocrine organ system. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), a highly meticulous methodology used to dissect tissue heterogeneity through the transcriptional characterization of individual cells, is responsible for facilitating critical advancements in this area. The unique investigative capabilities achieved by the combination of nanotechnology, molecular biology, and informatics are expanding our understanding of adipose tissue’s composition and compartmentalized functional specialization, which underlie physiologic and pathogenic states, including adaptive thermogenesis, adipose tissue aging, and obesity. In this review, we will summarize the use of scRNA-seq and single-nuclei RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) in adipocyte biology and their applications to obesity and diabetes research in the hopes of increasing awareness of the capabilities of this technology and acting as a catalyst for its expanded use in further investigation.

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The impact of hangingcleaning husbandry practices on Mediterranean mussels,Mytilus galloprovincialisLmk, cultivated in the Mar Piccolo (Taranto, Ionian Sea, Italy)

Italian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4081/ijas.2008.449 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 449-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Pia Santacroce ◽

Maria Chiara Conversano ◽

Alessandro Vlora ◽

Valeriana Colao ◽

Gerardo Centoducati

Keyword(s):

Ionian Sea ◽

Husbandry Practices ◽

The Impact

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Central Nervous System Manifestations in Diabetes Mellitus - A Review

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v18i2.33689 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 109-112

Author(s):

Goutam Kumar Acherjya ◽

Md Moslem Uddin ◽

MA Jalil Chowdhury ◽

AV Srinivasan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Diabetes Research ◽

Seizure Disorders ◽

Oral Agents ◽

Hyperosmolar Coma ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

The impact of diabetes mellitus on the CNS (Central Nervous System) has gained attention only recently. Peripheral neuropathy has been the primary neuroscience focus of diabetes research. Contrary to some early impressions, however, the CNS is not spared by diabetes. Chronically, diabetes mellitus affects the CNS in several ways. Diabetes increases stroke risk and damage, overtreatment with insulin or oral agents can permanently damage the brain, and diabetes may increase the prevalence of seizure disorders. Diabetes changes brain transport, blood flow and metabolism, and may produce a chronic encephalopathy. Acutely, glycemic extremes cause coma, seizures, focal neurolclgical deficits, and impaired consciousness. The pathophysiological basis for these marked CNS abnormalities seen in hypoglycemia, hyperosmolar coma, and ketoacidosis are largely unknown.Methods: This review was based on a search of Pubmed, the NCBI Database of systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. Subject heading and key words used central nervous system, diabetes mellitus, stroke, encephalopathy and hypoglycaemia. Only articles in English were included.J MEDICINE July 2017; 18 (2) : 109-112

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Sheep health: research developments and emerging problems

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x0000207x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 83-92

Author(s):

I. D. Aitken

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Chlamydia Psittaci ◽

Control Measures ◽

Effective Control ◽

Protective Antigens ◽

Time Control ◽

Husbandry Practices ◽

Sheep Production ◽

The Impact

AbstractRelative to other livestock sectors sheep production has a high wastage through mortality, suboptimal husbandry practices and premature culling. A significant but unquantified component of this loss is attributable to infectious and parasitic disease. Some common infectious diseases (e.g. those caused by Clostridia) are amenable to effective control but regular sporadic outbreaks indicate that, from time to time, control measures fail or are improperly applied. Other diseases, notably those causing abortion, continue to present problems, particularly chlamydial abortion and toxoplasmosis. Inability to diagnose infection before the onset of clinical signs hinders the control of scrapie and pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) and the only vaccine against orf is of limited efficacy.However, the new information being generated by application of molecular biological techniques in some of these problem areas carries promise of improved control. Good examples are provided by research which has led to a blood test for discriminating between sheep that are genetically susceptible or resistant to scrapie and by studies on Chlamydia psittaci which have identified essential protective antigens and which thereby improve prospects for significant vaccine enhancement.The world-wide importance of gastrointestinal parasitism and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance have spurred efforts, internationally, to develop an alternative biological control system. Evidence that protective vaccination may be feasible is accruing but the time scale to a real product may be long.Factors to be considered in assessing future disease trends include the impact of a ‘frontier-free’ Europe, changes in husbandry practices, introduction of new livestock species, altered land use and climatic change resulting from global warming. Some predictions are made.

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