scholarly journals Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are important for afferent synapse formation and function in the inner ear

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1256-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Mendus ◽  
Srividya Sundaresan ◽  
Nicolas Grillet ◽  
Felix Wangsawihardja ◽  
Rose Leu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Afferent Synapse ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals New Tricks for an Old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of Astrocyte Function

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353
Author(s):  
A. Denise R. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Shh Signaling ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
And Function ◽  
Molecular Signaling Pathway

The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecular signaling pathway is well established as a key regulator of neurodevelopment. It regulates diverse cellular behaviors, and its functions vary with respect to cell type, region, and developmental stage, reflecting the incredible pleiotropy of this molecular signaling pathway. Although it is best understood for its roles in development, Shh signaling persists into adulthood and is emerging as an important regulator of astrocyte function. Astrocytes play central roles in a broad array of nervous system functions, including synapse formation and function as well as coordination and orchestration of CNS inflammatory responses in pathological states. Neurons are the source of Shh in the adult, suggesting that Shh signaling mediates neuron–astrocyte communication, a novel role for this multifaceted pathway. Multiple roles for Shh signaling in astrocytes are increasingly being identified, including regulation of astrocyte identity, modulation of synaptic organization, and limitation of inflammation. This review discusses these novel roles for Shh signaling in regulating diverse astrocyte functions in the healthy brain and in pathology.

Recovery of structure and function of inner ear afferent synapses following kainic acid excitotoxicity

1997 ◽  
Vol 105 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Yang Zheng ◽  
Donald Henderson ◽  
Bo-Hua Hu ◽  
Sandra L. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Claudin7b is required for the formation and function of inner ear in zebrafish

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 3195-3206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Guili Song ◽  
Yasong Zhao ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
Chunyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals An Autism-Associated Neuroligin-3 Mutation Affects Developmental Synapse Elimination in the Cerebellum

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Suk King Lai ◽  
Hisako Nakayama ◽  
Taisuke Miyazaki ◽  
Takanobu Nakazawa ◽  
Katsuhiko Tabuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Synapse Elimination ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
And Function

Neuroligin is a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule that is involved in synapse formation and maturation by interacting with presynaptic neurexin. Mutations in neuroligin genes, including the arginine to cystein substitution at the 451st amino acid residue (R451C) of neuroligin-3 (NLGN3), have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and examination of post-mortem brain in ASD patients implicate alteration of cerebellar morphology and Purkinje cell (PC) loss. In the present study, we examined possible association between the R451C mutation in NLGN3 and synaptic development and function in the mouse cerebellum. In NLGN3-R451C mutant mice, the expression of NLGN3 protein in the cerebellum was reduced to about 10% of the level of wild-type mice. Elimination of redundant climbing fiber (CF) to PC synapses was impaired from postnatal day 10–15 (P10–15) in NLGN3-R451C mutant mice, but majority of PCs became mono-innervated as in wild-type mice after P16. In NLGN3-R451C mutant mice, selective strengthening of a single CF relative to the other CFs in each PC was impaired from P16, which persisted into juvenile stage. Furthermore, the inhibition to excitation (I/E) balance of synaptic inputs to PCs was elevated, and calcium transients in the soma induced by strong and weak CF inputs were reduced in NLGN3-R451C mutant mice. These results suggest that a single point mutation in NLGN3 significantly influences the synapse development and refinement in cerebellar circuitry, which might be related to the pathogenesis of ASD.

scholarly journals Aberrant information transfer interferes with functional axon regeneration

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ding ◽  
Marc Hammarlund
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Behavioral Recovery ◽  
Axon Injury ◽  
Functional Regeneration ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
And Function ◽  
Circuit Function ◽  
Molecular Components

Functional axon regeneration requires regenerating neurons to restore appropriate synaptic connectivity and circuit function. To model this process, we developed an assay in Caenorhabditis elegans that links axon and synapse regeneration of a single neuron to recovery of behavior. After axon injury and regeneration of the DA9 neuron, synapses reform at their pre-injury location. However, these regenerated synapses often lack key molecular components. Further, synaptic vesicles accumulate in the dendrite in response to axon injury. Dendritic vesicle release results in information misrouting that suppresses behavioral recovery. Dendritic synapse formation depends on dynein and jnk-1. But even when information transfer is corrected, axonal synapses fail to adequately transmit information. Our study reveals unexpected plasticity during functional regeneration. Regeneration of the axon is not sufficient for the reformation of correct neuronal circuits after injury. Rather, synapse reformation and function are also key variables, and manipulation of circuit reformation improves behavioral recovery.

scholarly journals Agrin is required for survival and function of monocytic cells

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (23) ◽  
pp. 5502-5511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Mazzon ◽  
Achille Anselmo ◽  
Cristiana Soldani ◽  
Javier Cibella ◽  
Cristina Ploia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Monocytic Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
And Function

Abstract Agrin, an extracellular matrix protein belonging to the heterogeneous family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), is expressed by cells of the hematopoietic system but its role in leukocyte biology is not yet clear. Here we demonstrate that agrin has a crucial, nonredundant role in myeloid cell development and functions. We have identified lineage-specific alterations that affect maturation, survival and properties of agrin-deficient monocytic cells, and occur at stages later than stem cell precursors. Our data indicate that the cell-autonomous signals delivered by agrin are sensed by macrophages through the α-DC (DG) receptor and lead to the activation of signaling pathways resulting in rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton during the phagocytic synapse formation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk 1/2). Altogether, these data identify agrin as a novel player of innate immunity.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (1) ◽  
pp. C3-C19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyi Ma ◽  
Lubo Zhang ◽  
William J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Neural Lineage ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of highly conserved non-coding RNAs with 21–25 nucleotides in length and play an important role in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level via base-paring with complementary sequences of the 3′-untranslated region of the target gene mRNA, leading to either transcript degradation or translation inhibition. Brain-enriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of brain development and function, including neural lineage and subtype determination, neurogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and responses to insults. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. We review recent progress of the miRNA-based mechanisms in neuronal and cerebrovascular development as well as their role in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings hold great promise, not just for deeper understanding of basic brain biology but also for building new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of pathologies such as cerebral ischemia.

scholarly journals Expression and function of pannexins in the inner ear and hearing

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Bo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
And Function
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