High energy expenditure is not protective against increased adiposity in children

Abstract Background/Objective Morning consumption of a single dose of high-energy oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in females with a lower BMI displaces some of the food eaten at breakfast but increases overall daily energy intake. This study investigated the effectiveness of ONS intake in the late afternoon and for longer duration. Subjects/Methods Twenty-one healthy females (mean ± SD, age 25 ± 5 years; BMI 18.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2) participated in a randomised, crossover study with two experimental trials. In the afternoon of days 1–5, participants consumed either ONS (2.510 MJ) or low-energy PLACEBO drink (0.377 MJ) and recorded food eaten at home. On day six, energy intake was measured during buffet meals, and energy expenditure, appetite measurements and blood samples were collected throughout the day. Result Over the 5-day period, in the ONS trial energy intake from evening meals was lower (ONS, 2.7 ± 0.25 MJ; Placebo, 3.6 ± 0.25 MJ, P = 0.01) but averaged total daily energy intake was higher (ONS, 9.2 ± 0.3 MJ; PLACEBO, 8.2 ± 0.4 MJ, P = 0.03). On day six, energy intake, appetite scores, plasma GLP-1 and PYY, and energy expenditure were not significantly different between the two trials but fasting insulin concentration and HOMAIR, were higher (P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity score based on fasting insulin and TAG lower (P < 0.05) in ONS trial. Conclusion Late afternoon consumption of ONS for five consecutive days by females with a lower BMI has only a partial and short-lived energy intake suppression and thus increases daily energy intake but reduces insulin sensitivity.

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High energy expenditure masks low physical activity in obesity

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/ijo.2012.172 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1006-1011 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J P DeLany ◽

D E Kelley ◽

K C Hames ◽

J M Jakicic ◽

B H Goodpaster

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

High Energy

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The Energetics of Semicontact 3 × 2-min Amateur Boxing

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 233-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Philip Davis ◽

Renate M. Leithäuser ◽

Ralph Beneke

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Cost ◽

High Energy ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

High Energy Phosphates ◽

High Energy Phosphate ◽

Video Footage ◽

Amateur Boxing ◽

Phosphate System ◽

Respiratory Gases

The energy expenditure of amateur boxing is unknown.Purpose:Total metabolic cost (Wtot) as an aggregate of aerobic (Waer), anaerobic lactic (W[lactate]), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr) energy of a 3 × 2-min semicontact amateur boxing bout was analyzed.Methods:Ten boxers (mean ± SD [lower/upper 95% confidence intervals]) age 23.7 ± 4.1 (20.8/26.6) y, height 180.2 ± 7.0 (175.2/185.2) cm, body mass 70.6 ± 5.7 (66.5/74.7) kg performed a semicontact bout against handheld pads created from previously analyzed video footage of competitive bouts. Net metabolic energy was calculated using respiratory gases and blood [lactate].Results:Waer, 526.0 ± 57.1 (485.1/566.9) kJ, was higher (P < .001) than WPCr, 58.1 ± 13.6 (48.4/67.8) kJ. W[lactate], 26.2 ± 7.1 (21.1/31.3) kJ, was lower (P < .001) than Waer and WPCr. An ~70-kJ fraction of the aerobic energy expenditure reflects rephosphorylation of high-energy phosphates during the breaks between rounds, which elevated Wtot to ~680 kJ with relative contributions of 77% Waer, 19% WPCr, and 4% W[lactate].Conclusions:The results indicate that the metabolic profile of amateur boxing is predominantly aerobic. They also highlight the importance of a highly developed aerobic capacity as a prerequisite of a high activity rate during rounds and recovery of the high-energy phosphate system during breaks as interrelated requirements of successful boxing.

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Energy expenditure in obese and overweight individuals after a low energy followed by a high energy intervention

http://isrctn.com/ ◽

10.1186/isrctn11596296 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Miriam Clegg

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

High Energy ◽

Low Energy

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Effectiveness of three manually operated weeding tools for farm women

Agricultural Engineering Today ◽

10.52151/aet2020444.1525 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (04) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Naveen Kumar ◽

Md. Sajid Hussain ◽

Ravikant Kumar ◽

R. K. Roy

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Physical Exertion ◽

High Energy ◽

Farm Women ◽

Women Subjects ◽

Performance Grade ◽

Heavy Work

In this study, khurpi, three tyne hoe and twin wheel hoe were evaluated in terms of performance, grade of work and comfort for gram crop with eight farm women (subjects). Weeding operation between the rows of gram crop was carried out with these tools during December-January, when the average ambient temperature and relative humidity were 18OC and 70%, respectively. The result of this investigation indicated that weeding with khurpi and twin wheel hoe could be graded as moderately heavy work, whereas weeding with 3-tyne hoe could be graded as heavy work. However, weeding with khurpi required less energy (9.39 kJ/min) than twin wheel hoe (9. 67 kJ/min). High energy expenditure (12.89 kJ/min) was observed in case of 3-tyne hoe. In terms of higher output, twin wheel hoe was observed best (179 man-h/ha) than 3-tyne hoe (302 man-h/ha) followed by khurpi (447 man-h/ha). Khurpi had shown highest weeding efficiency (92.1 to 94.8 %). Improved weeding tools such as twin wheel hoe and 3-tyne hoe reduced physical exertion and fatigue to make farm women comfortable.

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1. What is a mammal?

Mammals: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198766940.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

T. S. Kemp

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

South America ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

High Energy ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

Alive Today ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

Single Bone

‘What is a mammal?’ considers the diverse range of animals of varying forms, lifestyles, and habitats that make up the Class Mammalia. Despite the diversity, these animals share key characteristics: they have a single bone in the lower jaw; three little, sound-conducting ear bones; a very large forebrain; a permanently warm body and a high energy-expenditure level; and females have mammary glands for feeding milk to their young. The c.5,500 species of mammals alive today fall into three very unequal groups: the monotremes found in Australasia; the marsupials found in Australasia and South America; and the placentals, of which there are 5,000 species classified into twenty Orders.

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Reproductive energetics of adult male yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-211 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 1791-1797 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carmen M. Salsbury ◽

Kenneth B. Armitage

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Adult Male ◽

Reproductive Investment ◽

High Energy ◽

Male Reproductive Success ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Marmota Flaviventris ◽

Term Survival ◽

Active Season

We examined the energy expenditure of adult male yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and its relationship to various female-defense characteristics critical to male reproductive success. Resting metabolic rates of males were estimated in the laboratory via oxygen-consumption analysis, and field metabolic rates were estimated using a doubly labeled water technique. Male home-range size, number of females defended by males, dispersion of females in the habitat, and date into the active season were considered to be predictors of male energy expenditure in excess of maintenance costs (field metabolic rate minus resting metabolic rate). Energy expenditure was best explained by a defensibility index based on the number and dispersion of females defended; expenditure increased with number and dispersion of females. Energy expenditure increased with date into the active season. Environmental constraints on male activity during the mating season may have led to a shift in male reproductive investment to later in the season, when intruder pressure by conspecifics increased. No short-term survival costs were associated with high energy expenditure; males appeared to engage in reproductive behaviors congruent with their physiological capabilities.

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Increasing Energy Flux to Maintain Diet-Induced Weight Loss

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102533 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2533 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher L. Melby ◽

Hunter L. Paris ◽

R. Drew Sayer ◽

Christopher Bell ◽

James O. Hill

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Flux ◽

Weight Maintenance ◽

High Energy ◽

Daily Energy

Long-term maintenance of weight loss requires sustained energy balance at the reduced body weight. This could be attained by coupling low total daily energy intake (TDEI) with low total daily energy expenditure (TDEE; low energy flux), or by pairing high TDEI with high TDEE (high energy flux). Within an environment characterized by high energy dense food and a lack of need for movement, it may be particularly difficult for weight-reduced individuals to maintain energy balance in a low flux state. Most of these individuals will increase body mass due to an inability to sustain the necessary level of food restriction. This increase in TDEI may lead to the re-establishment of high energy flux at or near the original body weight. We propose that following weight loss, increasing physical activity can effectively re-establish a state of high energy flux without significant weight regain. Although the effect of extremely high levels of physical activity on TDEE may be constrained by compensatory reductions in non-activity energy expenditure, moderate increases following weight loss may elevate energy flux and encourage physiological adaptations favorable to weight loss maintenance, including better appetite regulation. It may be time to recognize that few individuals are able to re-establish energy balance at a lower body weight without permanent increases in physical activity. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for more research to better understand the role of energy flux in long-term weight maintenance.

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