Suitability of a buffered faecal suspension as the inoculum in the Hohenheim gas test

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Aiple ◽  
H. Steingass ◽  
K. H. Menke
Keyword(s):  
Faecal Suspension

Relative efficacy of inocula from rumen fluid or faecal solution for determining in vitro digestibility and gas production

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. El-Meadaway ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
M. S. Zaman ◽  
L. J. Yanke
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Cattle Faeces ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of substituting rumen fluid (RF) with faecal suspension (FS) as an inoculum for determination of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD, experiment 1) and gas production (exp. 2). Barley grain (BG), Persian clover (PC), alfalfa (ALF), bromegrass (BR) and barley straw (BS) were used to evaluate the efficacy of the two inocula. In exp. 1, IVDMD was determined using RF or FS containing 3, 6 and 9% fresh cattle faeces as inocula. Except for BS, IVDMD values obtained with either RF or FS containing 3% faeces were not different (P > 0.05). In contrast, FS containing 6 or 9% faeces resulted in lower (P < 0.05) IVDMD than those obtained with RF. Total VFA, butyric and valeric acids of in vitro supernatant were higher (P < 0.05) in RF than FS incubated buffers. Molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids were variable among feeds. Mean acetic:propionic ratio was similar (except for BG) for RF or FS. In exp. 2, substitution of RF with FS containing 6, 11 or 16% cattle faeces as inoculum generally resulted in an increased lag time for four feeds (PC was not included). The rate of gas production was lower when FS was used instead of RF for ALF and BR. For BG however, use of FS resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) rate of gas production than when RF was used. Total gas production values were similar within all the feeds regardless of the source of inoculum. In experiment 3, the relative size of the total and cellulolytic populations were higher for RF than for FS, with a greater diversity of genera of bacteria isolated from RF. Results from this study indicate that FS has the potential to be used instead of RF to obtain IVDMD and gas production for BG and forage hay but not for poor quality roughages such as BS. However, more research with FS is required to confirm these findings. Key words: IVDMD, gas production, rumen fluid, faecal suspension

G and P types of bovine group A rotavirus in northern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tripti Singh ◽  
Rashmi Singh ◽  
Ajay Pratap Singh ◽  
Y. P.S. Malik ◽  
Minakshi Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vp6 Gene ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Animal rotaviruses (RVs) are considered as a potential threat to humans due to possibility of interspecies transmission and exchange of genomic materials. Among several RVs, the group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the major cause of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo calves worldwide. The present study was carried out to understand epidemiology and types of RVA circulating in Mathura region of northern India. One hundred faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic cattle (n=94) and buffalo calves (n=6) from organized dairy farms. Viral RNA was extracted from faecal suspension and was transcribed to cDNA using RT-PCR. The cDNA was amplified for VP6, VP7 and VP4 genes and multiplex nested PCR was done for G and P genotyping. Twelve samples were detected positive for RVA by antigen detection ELISA and eleven samples produced expected amplicon for group A specific VP6 gene. On genotyping with G3, G6, G8 and G10 specific primers for VP7 gene and P [1] and P [11] specific primers for VP4 gene, G6 genotype predominated over other genotypes. Dual genotypes were also observed. In P typing only one isolate was found to be positive for P [1] and rest all samples remained untypable. The result of present study indicates G6 as a major G genotype and change in frequencies of distribution of G types in this part of the country.

Dilution Egg-Counts and the Poisson Series

1941 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Present Note ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Poisson Series ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Researches involving dilution egg-counts, recently carried out by members of the staff of this Institute, have shown that the error variance, i.e. that between parallel counts, approximates more or less closely to the mean count. The following examples illustrate this point:—The counts were all made by the same technique, and it is fair to total them in order to observe the average effect. This agreement between variance (or mean square) and mean is a feature of the Poisson distribution, and it has been assumed that dilution counts are in fact distributed according to the terms of that series, in all cases where the technique is adequate. Reasonable agreement between mean and error variance becomes, indeed, a criterion of the accuracy of the sampling technique. The purpose of the present note is to enquire a little further into the theoretical basis of this assumption, doubts having arisen as to whether high counts (say, up to 100) can be expected to conform to the Poisson series.The essence of the McMaster (Gordon & Whitlock) technique is that one counts the eggs lying under a centimetre square engraved on a coverglass which is supported 0·15 cm. above a slide, i.e. the eggs contained in 0·15 cc. of faecal suspension. Since the suspending liquid is a half-saturated solution of salt, the eggs float up into one optical plane immediately below the coverglass, this making for ease in counting.

scholarly journals Experimental observations on the pathogenesis of necrobacillosis

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Smith ◽  
L. M. Wallace ◽  
D. E. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Fusobacterium Necrophorum ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Faecal Suspension ◽  
Lethal Doses

SUMMARYEarlier studies showed that the minimum infective dose (>106 organisms) of a virulent strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum could be greatly reduced by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of cultures of other bacteria such as Escherichia coli before inoculating mice subcutaneously.In the present study the infective dose of the same strain of F. necrophorum was reduced by a factor of >103 by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of 5% homogenate of gaur or wallaby faeces. Sterile faecal filtrate had no such effect. The sites of low grade infection produced by the prior subcutaneous injection of E. coli culture or gaur faecal suspension were susceptible to superinfection by doses of F. necrophorum far below those required to infect normal tissue.This work helps to explain the production of necrobacillosis by the faecal contamination of small wounds. It proved impossible, however, to produce necrobacillosis in mice by the subcutaneous injection of faecal suspensions from 33 farm cattle. This suggests that the proportion of cattle with virulent F. necrophorum in their faeces is low.

scholarly journals Faecal transplantation and Clostridioides difficile infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223
Author(s):  
Darija Knežević ◽  
Miroslav Petković
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Healthy Donor ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), known equally well as faecal transplantation or faecal bacteriotherapy, is the process of implanting the faecal suspension containing balanced microbiota from a healthy donor to the colon of a recipient patient. Excessive growth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) in the intestinal microbiota resulting from antibiotic consumption is currently a rising threat to public health. FMT is one of the most important, newer approaches to treating C difficile infections. Since C difficile is regarded as an opportunistic bacterium triggering disease in conditions of disturbed homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota, restoration of healthy intestinal microflora facilitates suppression of toxic strain of C difficile by anaerobic bacteria of normal intestinal microflora with concomitant cure. Nurses have important role in caring for patients after faecal transplantation.

Generation of Ammonia from Non-Urea Sources in a Faecal Incubation System

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vince ◽  
P. F. Down ◽  
J. Murison ◽  
F. J. Twigg ◽  
O. M. Wrong
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organic Solute ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Suspension ◽  
Living Bacteria

1. A 25% faecal suspension in sodium chloride solution, incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 48 h, showed excellent survival of all the main groups of faecal bacteria. 2. All faecal incubation systems studied generated large amounts of ammonia, particularly those in which bacterial counts fell during incubation. As normal faeces contain negligible amounts of urea this ammonia must have been generated from sources other than urea. 3. Ammonia was also generated by faeces delivered by sodium chloride enema, and by ileostomy fluid, indicating that the phenomenon is not confined to distal colonic contents. 4. Ammonia generation by incubated faeces was inhibited by prior autoclaving of the sample, but not by sterilization with gamma-irradiation. 5. Generation of ammonia by incubated stool was accompanied by release of large amounts of organic anion and a fall in pH. 6. These observations are interpreted as evidence that ammonia generated within the colon in situ is not derived exclusively from urea, but also from bacterial deamination of amino acids, peptides and proteins. Simultaneously bacterial activity generates large amounts of organic acid. The presence of living bacteria is not essential for ammonia generation, provided that bacterial enzymes are present. 7. Bacterial generation of organic solute in faeces which have left the body is sufficiently rapid to cast serious doubts on the validity of faecal centrifugation, or other time-consuming techniques involving lengthy handling of faeces, as methods of obtaining extracellular faecal fluid for measurements of organic constituents or ammonia.

scholarly journals Electrical cream separator coupled with vacuum filtration for the purification of eimerian oocysts and trichostrongylid eggs

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed El-Ashram ◽  
Xun Suo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sucrose Gradient ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Vacuum Filtration ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Abstract Several methods have been proposed for separation of eimerian oocysts and trichostrongylid eggs from extraneous debris; however, these methods have been considered to be still inconvenient in terms of time and wide-ranging applications. We describe herein an alternative way using the combination of electrical cream separator and vacuum filtration for harvesting and purifying eimerian oocysts and haemonchine eggs on large-scale applications with approximately 81% and 92% recovery rates for oocysts and nematode eggs obtained from avian and ovine faeces, correspondingly. The sporulation percentages as a measure of viability in the harvested oocysts and eggs from dry faecal materials are nearly 68% and 74%, respectively, and 12 liters of faecal suspension can be processed in approximately 7.5 min. The mode of separation in terms of costs (i.e. simple laboratory equipments and comparably cheap reagents) and benefits renders the reported procedure an appropriate pursuit to harvest and purify parasite oocysts and eggs on a large scale in the shortest duration from diverse volumes of environmental samples compared to the modified traditional sucrose gradient, which can be employed on a small scale.

The Distribution of Nematode Eggs when using a Dilution-Egg-Count Procedure

1966 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Dunn ◽  
R. W. Poteet ◽  
D. P. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Sample Variance ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Faecal Suspension

By combining a number of well-known but scattered results, a theoretical model has been constructed to explain the observed quadratic increase in sample variance of egg counts over sample mean with increasing egg concentration. Our contention is that the over-dispersion arises because of inherent variation in volumetric deliveries of faecal suspension onto the counting slide. Even though the observed variation of volumetric deliveries appears to be small, we have shown that it is adequate to cause a considerable increase in egg count variance over mean at not unreasonably high concentrations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document