Neuroimaging and genetic correlates of cognitive ability and cognitive development in adolescence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart James Ritchie ◽  
Erin Burke Quinlan ◽  
Tobias Banaschewski ◽  
Arun L.W. Bokde ◽  
Sylvane Desrivieres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Polygenic Score ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
The Brain

Adolescence is marked by changes in cognitive abilities and in several MRI-based measures of brain structure. This study took an individual-differences approach to help understand adolescent cognitive development in a large-sample longitudinal cohort, the IMAGEN study (initial n = 2,316). We used a latent change score model to assess the associations between levels and changes in the brain’s grey-matter regions and latent general cognitive ability between ages 14 and 19 years. As expected, higher cognitive ability was correlated with higher cortical volume and larger surface area, with more ambiguous results for cortical thickness. Higher-ability participants at age 14 tended to have accelerated subsequent cortical thinning, as well as cortical volume loss. There was no statistically significant link between changes in cognitive ability and changes in the brain measures we used. We also attempted to predict levels and changes in the brain and in cognitive ability using a polygenic score for genetic variants linked to educational attainment: the score was modestly associated with the baseline measures, but did not predict the trajectory of change in any measure to a statistically significant degree. Age-14 cortical volume and surface area—though not cortical thickness—mediated a portion (9-10%) of the association between the polygenic score and age-19 cognitive ability. These findings demonstrate how large-sample data can shed light on the links between brain and cognitive ability in this important phase of the lifespan.

scholarly journals Cortical Volume, Thickness, and Surface Area in the Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Helena M. Blumen ◽  
Emily Schwartz ◽  
Gilles Allali ◽  
Olivier Beauchet ◽  
Michele Callisaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Cognitive Complaint

Background: The motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome is a pre-clinical stage of dementia characterized by slow gait and cognitive complaint. Yet, the brain substrates of MCR are not well established. Objective: To examine cortical thickness, volume, and surface area associated with MCR in the MCR-Neuroimaging Consortium, which harmonizes image processing/analysis of multiple cohorts. Methods: Two-hundred MRIs (M age 72.62 years; 47.74%female; 33.17%MCR) from four different cohorts (50 each) were first processed with FreeSurfer 6.0, and then analyzed using multivariate and univariate general linear models with 1,000 bootstrapped samples (n-1; with resampling). All models adjusted for age, sex, education, white matter lesions, total intracranial volume, and study site. Results: Overall, cortical thickness was lower in individuals with MCR than in those without MCR. There was a trend in the same direction for cortical volume (p = 0.051). Regional cortical thickness was also lower among individuals with MCR than individuals without MCR in prefrontal, insular, temporal, and parietal regions. Conclusion: Cortical atrophy in MCR is pervasive, and include regions previously associated with human locomotion, but also social, cognitive, affective, and motor functions. Cortical atrophy in MCR is easier to detect in cortical thickness than volume and surface area because thickness is more affected by healthy and pathological aging.

Nature, Nurture, and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 Years: A Parent-Offspring Adoption Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Plomin ◽  
David W. Fulker ◽  
Robin Corley ◽  
John C DeFries
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Biological Parents

Children increasingly resemble their parents in cognitive abilities from infancy through adolescence Results obtained from a 20-year longitudinal adoption study of 245 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents, as well as 245 matched nonadoptive (control) parents and offspring, show that this increasing resemblance is due to genetic factors Adopted children resemble their adoptive parents slightly in early childhood but not at all in middle childhood or adolescence In contrast, during childhood and adolescence, adopted children become more like their biological parents, and to the same degree as children and parents in control families Although these results were strongest for general cognitive ability and verbal ability similar results were found for other specific cognitive abilities—spatial ability, speed of processing, and recognition memory These findings indicate that within this population, genes that stably affect cognitive abilities in adulthood do not all come into play until adolescence and that environmental factors that contribute to cognitive development are not correlated with parents' cognitive ability

scholarly journals MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF DALAM MENGENAL KONSEP BILANGAN 1 – 10 MELALUI MEDIA TELUR ANGKA PADA ANAK USIA 3 – 4 TAHUN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Mukhlish Safitri ◽  
Intan Prastihastari Wijaya ◽  
Dema Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
New Media ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

Cognitive ability to recognize the concept of numbers is very important to be introduced early on, so children are accustomed to easily solving simple problems related to numbers. The problem found by researchers is that children have difficulty when asked to numerate objects, numerically order numbers, and connect images of objects with numbers according to the amount. In an effort to address this problem, the educator introduces new media, namely the number egg media made from used materials and designed as attractive as possible so that students were motivated to learn. This study aims to determine whether there is cognitive development in recognizing the concept of numbers 1-10 in children aged 3-4 years in the Playgroup Al-hikmah Kweden Karangrejo Ngasem District Kediri Regency between before and after the action. The research method used is classroom action research conducted in three cycles. This research involved subjects of 3-4 years old children totaling 18 students. The analysis technique in this research is quantitative descriptive technique by comparing learning completeness between the time before and after the action. The results obtained in the first cycle of 50%, and in the second cycle of 63.8%, while in the third cycle of 81.9%. From the results of the study it can be concluded that through the egg media numbers can develop cognitive abilities in recognizing the concept of numbers 1-10 in children aged 3-4 years.

scholarly journals Brain structural differences between 73- and 92-year olds matched for childhood intelligence, social background, and intracranial volume

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Ritchie ◽  
David Alexander Dickie ◽  
Simon R. Cox ◽  
Maria del C. Valdés Hernández ◽  
Alison Pattie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Cortical Surface Area

AbstractFully characterizing age differences in the brain is a key task for combatting ageing-related cognitive decline. Using propensity score matching on two independent, narrow-age cohorts, we used data on childhood cognitive ability, socioeconomic background, and intracranial volume to match participants at mean age 92 years (n = 42) to very similar participants at mean age 73 (n = 126). Examining a variety of global and regional structural neuroimaging variables, there were large differences in grey and white matter volumes, cortical surface area, cortical thickness, and white matter hyperintensity volume and spatial extent. In a mediation analysis, the total volume of white matter hyperintensities and total cortical surface area jointly mediated 24.9% of the relation between age and general cognitive ability (tissue volumes and cortical thickness were not significant mediators in this analysis). These findings provide an unusual and valuable perspective on neurostructural ageing, in which brains from the eighth and tenth decades of life differ widely despite the same cognitive, socio-economic, and brain-volumetric starting points.

scholarly journals Non-linear effects of socioeconomic status on brain development: associations between parental occupation, cortical thickness and language skills in childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budhachandra Khundrakpam ◽  
Suparna Choudhury ◽  
Uku Vainik ◽  
Noor Al-Sharif ◽  
Neha Bhutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractStudies have pointed to the role of the brain in mediating the effects of the social environment of the developing child on life outcomes. Since brain development involves nonlinear trajectories, these effects of the child’s social context will likely have age-related differential associations with the brain. However, there is still a dearth of integrative research investigating the interplay between neurodevelopmental trajectories, social milieu and life outcomes. We set out to fill this gap, focusing specifically on the role of socioeconomic status, SES (indexed by parental occupation) on brain and cognitive development by analyzing MRI scans from 757 typically-developing subjects (age = 3-21 years). We observed nonlinear interaction of age and SES on cortical thickness, specifically a significant positive association between SES and thickness around 9-13 years at several cortical regions. Using a moderated mediation model, we observed that cortical thickness mediated the link between SES and language abilities, and this mediation was moderated by ‘age’ in a quadratic pattern, indicating a pronounced SES-effect during early adolescence. Our results, drawn from cross-sectional data, provide a basis for further longitudinal studies to test whether early adolescence may be a sensitive time window for the impact of SES on brain and cognitive development.

scholarly journals Cortical Structure and Cognition in Infants and Toddlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B Girault ◽  
Emil Cornea ◽  
Barbara D Goldman ◽  
Shaili C Jha ◽  
Veronica A Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Cortical Structure ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Reception

ABSTRACTCortical structure has been consistently related to cognitive abilities in children and adults, yet we know little about how the cortex develops to support emergent cognition in infancy and toddlerhood when cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are maturing rapidly. In this report, we assessed how regional and global measures of CT and SA in a sample (N = 487) of healthy neonates, 1-year-olds, and 2-year-olds related to motor, language, visual reception, and general cognitive ability. We report novel findings that thicker cortices at ages 1 and 2 and larger SA at birth, age 1, and age 2 confer a cognitive advantage in infancy and toddlerhood. While several expected brain–cognition relationships were observed, overlapping cortical regions were also implicated across cognitive domains, suggesting that infancy marks a period of plasticity and refinement in cortical structure to support burgeoning motor, language, and cognitive abilities. CT may be a particularly important morphological indicator of ability, but its impact on cognition is relatively weak when compared with gestational age and maternal education. Findings suggest that prenatal and early postnatal cortical developments are important for cognition in infants and toddlers but should be considered in relation to other child and demographic factors.

scholarly journals Distinctive Frontal and Occipitotemporal Surface Features in Neglectful Parenting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Inmaculada León ◽  
María José Rodrigo ◽  
Ileana Quiñones ◽  
Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera ◽  
Lorna García-Pentón
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Emotional Availability ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Although the brain signatures of adaptive human parenting are well documented, the cortical features associated with maladaptive caregiving are underexplored. We investigated whether cortical thickness and surface area vary in a small group of mothers who had neglected their children (24 in the neglect group, NG) compared to a control group of mothers with non-neglectful caregiving (21 in the control group, CG). We also tested whether the cortical differences were related to dyadic mother-child emotional availability (EA) in a play task with their children and whether alexithymia involving low emotional awareness that characterizes the NG could play a role in the cortical-EA associations. Whole-brain analysis of the cortical mantle identified reduced cortical thickness in the right rostral middle frontal gyrus and an increased surface area in the right lingual and lateral occipital cortices for the NG with respect to the CG. Follow-up path analysis showed direct effects of the right rostral middle frontal gyrus (RMFG) on the emotional availability (EA) and on the difficulty to identify feelings (alexithymia factor), with a marginal indirect RMFG-EA effect through this factor. These preliminary findings extend existing work by implicating differences in cortical features associated with neglectful parenting and relevant to mother-child interactive bonding.

scholarly journals Cognitive Development (Symbolic Thinking) of Early Childhood Through the Innovation of Bowling Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitri Galih Ramdhani ◽  
Leli Fertiliana Dea
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Development Procedure ◽  
Symbolic Thinking

The use of bowling media in RA Muslimat NU 1 Tulus Rejo Kec. Pekalongan has not been used. Researchers are interested in developing bowling media with the aim of developing cognitive, because early childhood in RA Muslimat NU 1 Tulus Rejo Kec. Pekalongan in terms of cognitive ability is still undeveloped. The purpose of this study is to find out the development of Media Bowling Against Cognitive Development (Symbolic Thinking) Early Childhood. This research methodology uses (research and development). The development procedure according to Borg and Gall's theory consists of seven stages. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that, the use of bowling media in children aged 5-6 years in RA Muslimat NU 1 Tulus Rejo Kec. Pekalongan can improve children's cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Comparison of Surface Area and Cortical Thickness Asymmetry in the Human and Chimpanzee Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xiang ◽  
Timothy J Crow ◽  
William D Hopkins ◽  
Neil Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
The Right

Abstract Comparative study of the structural asymmetry of the human and chimpanzee brain may shed light on the evolution of language and other cognitive abilities in humans. Here we report the results of vertex-wise and ROI-based analyses that compared surface area (SA) and cortical thickness (CT) asymmetries in 3D MR images obtained for 91 humans and 77 chimpanzees. The human brain is substantially more asymmetric than the chimpanzee brain. In particular, the human brain has 1) larger total SA in the right compared with the left cerebral hemisphere, 2) a global torque-like asymmetry pattern of widespread thicker cortex in the left compared with the right frontal and the right compared with the left temporo-parieto-occipital lobe, and 3) local asymmetries, most notably in medial occipital cortex and superior temporal gyrus, where rightward asymmetry is observed for both SA and CT. There is also 4) a prominent asymmetry specific to the chimpanzee brain, namely, rightward CT asymmetry of precentral cortex. These findings provide evidence of there being substantial differences in asymmetry between the human and chimpanzee brain. The unique asymmetries of the human brain are potential neural substrates for cognitive specializations, and the presence of significant CT asymmetry of precentral gyrus in the chimpanzee brain should be further investigated.

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