A Measurement of the Adaptation of Color Vision to the Spectral Environment

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Boker
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Color Matching ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Unconstrained Model

An exploratory factor analysis of the reflectance spectral distributions of a sample of natural and man-made objects yields a factor pattern remarkably similar to psychophysical color-matching curves. The goodness-of-fit indices from a maximum likelihood confirmatory factor model with fixed factor loadings specified by empirical trichromatic color-matching data indicate that the human visual system performs near to an optimum value for an ideal trichromatic system composed of three linear components. An unconstrained four-factor maximum likelihood model fits significantly better than a three-factor unconstrained model, suggesting that a color metric is better represented in four dimensions than in a three-dimensional space. This fourth factor can be calculated as a nonlinear interaction term between the first three factors: thus, a trichromatic input is sufficient to compute a color space of four dimensions. The visual system may exploit this nonlinear dependency in the spectral environment in order to obtain a four-dimensional color space without the biological cost of a fourth color receptor.

Three-Dimensional Color Gamut Visualization of Digital Output Device Based on ICC Profile

2012 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Hui Luo ◽  
Mao Hai Lin
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Color Gamut ◽  
Digital Output ◽  
Gamut Mapping ◽  
Output Device ◽  
High Quality Image ◽  
Image Appearance ◽  
Cie Lab

As color gamut of digital output device greatly affects image appearance, accurate and effective gamut description for output device is intensively required for developing high-quality image reproduction technique based on gamut mapping. In this paper, we present a novel method to determine color gamut of output device by using a specific 3D reconstruction technology and device ICC profile. First, we populate the device color space by uniform sampling in the RGB 3-Dimensional space, and convert these sampling points to CMYK color space. Then, we work out the CIE LAB value of these points according to the ICC profile of output device. At last, in CIE LAB color space the boundary of these points is determined by using a gamut boundary descriptor based on Ball-Pivoting Algorithm (BPA) proposed by Bernardini. Compared with the results generated by ICC3D, our proposed method can compute device gamut more efficiently and at the same time give a more accurate gamut description of the output device. It will be help to develop effective gamut mapping algorithms for color reproduction.

Spatial phenomenology requires potential illumination

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-426
Author(s):  
James A. Schirillo
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Color Constancy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Collapsing three-dimensional space into two violates Lehar's “volumetric mapping” constraint and can cause the visual system to construct illusory transparent regions to replace voxels that would have contained illumination. This may underlie why color constancy is worse in two dimensions, and argues for Lehar to revise his phenomenal spatial model by putting “potential illumination” in empty space.

scholarly journals Platonic solids generate their four-dimensional analogues

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Coxeter Groups ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Platonic Solids ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regular Convex ◽  
Quasi Crystals

This paper shows how regular convex 4-polytopes – the analogues of the Platonic solids in four dimensions – can be constructed from three-dimensional considerations concerning the Platonic solids alone.Viathe Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, the reflective symmetries of the Platonic solids generate rotations. In a Clifford algebra framework, the space of spinors generating such three-dimensional rotations has a natural four-dimensional Euclidean structure. The spinors arising from the Platonic solids can thus in turn be interpreted as vertices in four-dimensional space, giving a simple construction of the four-dimensional polytopes 16-cell, 24-cell, theF4root system and the 600-cell. In particular, these polytopes have `mysterious' symmetries, that are almost trivial when seen from the three-dimensional spinorial point of view. In fact, all these induced polytopes are also known to be root systems and thus generate rank-4 Coxeter groups, which can be shown to be a general property of the spinor construction. These considerations thus also apply to other root systems such as A_{1}\oplus I_{2}(n) which induces I_{2}(n)\oplus I_{2}(n), explaining the existence of the grand antiprism and the snub 24-cell, as well as their symmetries. These results are discussed in the wider mathematical context of Arnold's trinities and the McKay correspondence. These results are thus a novel link between the geometries of three and four dimensions, with interesting potential applications on both sides of the correspondence, to real three-dimensional systems with polyhedral symmetries such as (quasi)crystals and viruses, as well as four-dimensional geometries arising for instance in Grand Unified Theories and string and M-theory.

scholarly journals On a set of quartic surfaces in space of four dimensions; and a certain involutory transformation

1926 ◽  
Vol 110 (756) ◽  
pp. 700-708
Keyword(s):  
Present Note ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Quartic Surface ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Cubic Surfaces ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Quartic Surfaces ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

There exists in space of four dimensions an interesting figure of 15 lines and 15 points, first considered by Stéphanos (‘Compt. Rendus,’ vol. 93, 1881), though suggested very clearly by Cremona’s discussion of cubic surfaces in three-dimensional space. In connection with the figure of 15 lines there arises a quartic surface, the intersection of two quadrics, which is of importance as giving rise by projection to the Cyclides, as Segre has shown in detail (‘Math. Ann.,’ vol. 24, 1884). The symmetry of the figure suggests, howrever, the consideration of 15 such quartic surfaces; and it is natural to inquire as to the mutual relations of these surfaces, in particular as to their intersections. In general, two surfaces in space of four dimensions meet in a finite number of points. It appears that in this case any two of these 15 surfaces have a curve in common; it is the purpose of the present note to determine the complete intersection of any two of these 15 surfaces. Similar results may be obtained for a system of cubic surfaces in three dimensions, corresponding to those here given for this system of quartic surfaces in four dimensions, since the surfaces have one point in common, which may be taken as the centre of a projection.

A Geometrical treatment of the Correspondence between Lines in Threefold Space and Points of a Quadric in Fivefold space

1925 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quadratic Relation ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Homogeneous Coordinates ◽  
Plücker Coordinates ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

§ 1. The six Plücker coordinates of a straight line in three dimensional space satisfy an identical quadratic relationwhich immediately shows that a one-one correspondence may be set up between lines in three dimensional space, λ, and points on a quadric manifold of four dimensions in five dimensional space, S5. For these six numbers pij may be considered to be six homogeneous coordinates of such a point.

scholarly journals Robust Image Hashing Based on Cool and Warm Hue and Space Angle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Shuai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Image Hashing ◽  
Color Component ◽  
Space Angle ◽  
Opposite Color ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Image hashing has attracted more and more attention in the field of information security. In this paper, a novel hashing algorithm using cool and warm hue information and three-dimensional space angle is proposed. Firstly, the original image is preprocessed to get the opposite color component and the hue component H in HSV color space. Then, the distribution of cool and warm hue pixels is extracted from hue component H. Blocks the hue component H, according to the proportion of warm hue and cool hue pixels in each small block, combined with the quaternion and opposite color component, constructed the cool and warm hue opposite color quaternion (CWOCQ) feature. Then, three-dimensional space, opposite color, and cool and warm hue are combined to obtain the three-dimensional space angle (TDSA) feature. The CWOCQ feature and the TDSA feature are connected and disturbed to obtain the final hash sequence. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good security and has better image classification performance and shorter computation time compared with some advanced algorithms.

scholarly journals Generalized 2N Color Theorem

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Joseph Edward Brierly ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Bubble Chamber ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Color Problem ◽  
Four Color Theorem ◽  
The Universe

2N-Color Theorem This article gives a standard proof of the famous Four-Color theorem and generalizes it be the 2N-Color problem. The article gives a number of possible applications of the 2N-Color problem that is the essence of orientation. Orientation is fundamental to many fields of scientific knowledge. The Fourcolor theorem applies to map making by the knowledge that only four colors are necessary to color a planar map. The Six-color theorem applies to three dimensional space implying that a space station could be ideally designed to have six compartments adjacent to one another allowing a door from any one of the compartments to the other five. The 2N-color generalization applies to the physical reality of quantum physics. Bubble chamber investigations suggest that the universe is four or more dimensions. Thus the 2N-color theorem applies to the N dimensional universe. At this time string theorists have suggested that the universe could be greater than four dimensions. Physics has not as of yet proven the exact dimension of the universe that could even be infinite as a possibility

Shape from Shading. II. Geodesic Bisection and Alignment

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Johnston ◽  
Peter J Passmore
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Ray Casting ◽  
Arc Length ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
Spatial Judgment

Pattern-acuity tasks have provided valuable information about the precision with which the visual system can make judgments about relative spatial position in two-dimensional images. However, outside the laboratory the visual system is habitually faced with the more difficult task of making positional judgments within a three-dimensional spatial environment. Thus our perceptual systems for representing surface shape also need to support the recovery of the location and disposition of features in a three-dimensional space. An investigation of the precision of three-dimensional position judgments in two spatial-judgment tasks, arc length bisection along geodesics and geodesic alignment, is reported. The spatial-judgment tasks were defined with reference to a sphere rendered by means of ray-casting techniques. The presence of shading and texture cues had no effect on discrimination thresholds in either task. Observers' constant errors were generally less than the just noticeable distance, demonstrating that the observers can perform these positional judgment tasks without substantial bias. It is argued that there is no explicit computation of arc length on the basis of shading and texture information and that surface-orientation information cannot be used as a reference in geodesic-alignment tasks. The results raise questions about the utility of a representation of surface orientation in the human visual system.

scholarly journals Statistical Properties of Color Matching Functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
María da Fonseca ◽  
Inés Samengo
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Analytical Description ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Color Matching ◽  
Electromagnetic Power ◽  
The One ◽  
Light Beams

In trichromats, color vision entails the projection of an infinite-dimensional space (the one containing all possible electromagnetic power spectra) onto the three-dimensional space that modulates the activity of the three types of cones. This drastic reduction in dimensionality gives rise to metamerism, that is, the perceptual chromatic equivalence between two different light spectra. The classes of equivalence of metamerism are revealed by color-matching experiments in which observers adjust the intensity of three monochromatic light beams of three preset wavelengths (the primaries) to produce a mixture that is perceptually equal to a given monochromatic target stimulus. Here we use the linear relation between the color matching functions and the absorption probabilities of each type of cone to find particularly useful triplets of primaries. As a second goal, we also derive an analytical description of the trial-to-trial variability and the correlations of color matching functions stemming from Poissonian noise in photon capture. We analyze how the statistical properties of the responses to color-matching experiments vary with the retinal composition and the wavelengths of peak absorption probability, and compare them with experimental data on subject-to-subject variability obtained previously.

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