HOUSEHOLD INCOME OR HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER CAPITA IN WELFARE COMPARISONS*

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Datta ◽  
Jacob Meerman
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

The Economic Impact of Ecotourism on Regional China: Further Evidence from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Qin Sun ◽  
Yapa M. W. Y. Bandara ◽  
Kishor Sharma ◽  
John Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This article contributes to the literature on the economic impact of ecotourism in regional China with a focus on Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which attract about 50 per cent of the total number of tourists visiting China annually. Our analysis suggests that tourism significantly contributes to value added, output, income and employment generation in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, although the level of contribution varies between the two provinces. For example, the impact of an additional tourist dollar would be higher in generating employment and household income in Yunnan province, while the same dollar has a higher impact in generating value added in Sichuan. While in both provinces international tourists generate much higher income per capita than their domestic counterparts, in comparison with Sichuan, Yunnan is considered to be better placed for further development of tourism, particularly ecotourism. The promotion of ecotourism in these provinces will also encourage the Chinese youth to stay in their own provinces rather than to migrate to export-processing provinces—a problem that has already created a concern among the Chinese policymakers.

MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450005 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUHENG DENG ◽  
JINJUN XUE
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita

Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.

Association between annual household income and adverse outcomes in patients who had ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-216481
Author(s):  
Yuhan Zang ◽  
Zhengbao Zhu ◽  
Mengyao Shi ◽  
Aili Wang ◽  
Xuewei Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Per Capita

Background and purposeThe association between annual household income and prognosis of ischaemic stroke remains debatable. We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationship between annual household income and prognosis at 3 months after ischaemic stroke.MethodsWe included 3975 participants from the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke. All participants were categorised into three groups according to annual household income per capita: <¥10 000 (Chinese Yuan Renminbi (RMB)), ¥10 000–19 999 and ≥¥20 000. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 months after stroke onset, and secondary outcomes included major disability, death, and vascular events. A meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the results of the current study and previous studies on the association of income level with outcomes after stroke.ResultsWithin 3 months after ischaemic stroke, 1002 participants (25.20%) experienced primary outcome (880 major disabilities and 122 deaths). After multivariate adjustment, low annual household income level was associated with increased risk of the primary outcome (OR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.31; Ptrend=0.034) when two extreme groups were compared. The meta-analysis confirmed the significant association between income level and death or major disability after stroke (pooled relative risk for lowest vs highest income level, 1.31 (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.45)).ConclusionsLow annual household income per capita was significantly associated with increased risks of adverse clinical outcomes at 3 months after ischaemic stroke, independently of established risk factors. Further studies from other samples are needed to replicate our findings due to a reason for excluding some patients who had a severe stroke in this study.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov (http://wwwclinicaltrialsgov) Registry (NCT01840072).

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Relationship between Defence Expenditure and Sustainable Development in the Baltic Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6916
Author(s):  
Gitana Dudzevičiūtė ◽  
Svajone Bekesiene ◽  
Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene ◽  
Galina Ševčenko-Kozlovska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Small States ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Sustainable Development Indicators ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Defence Expenditure

As geopolitical instability increases and new threats emerge, a number of countries are increasing their respective allocations for defence expenditure in order to take greater responsibility for their citizens in terms of defending and protecting their values and way of life. Small states such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia must evaluate certain economic, political, and strategic factors when increasing their respective defence expenditure. While they do tend to increase expenditure on national defence matters, budgetary constraints often force them to cut funding in some civilian domains or to increase their borrowing on international markets. Therefore, the security and defence of small states must be addressed in an integrated way, taking into account economic, social, and environmental factors. The aim of this article is to assess the relationships between defence expenditure and sustainable development indicators during the period between 2000 and 2018 in the Baltic states. The authors of this article aimed to determine which sustainable development indicators have a significant impact upon a country’s expenditure when it comes to defence matters. The study was conducted using econometric methods, including Spearman’s correlation analysis and Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM). The research results revealed some differences amongst the Baltic countries. In Lithuania, the employment rate and R&D personnel as a share of the active population demonstrated a significant impact upon defence expenditure. In Latvia, defence expenditure was found to be affected by disposable household income per capita and environmental taxes as a share of total tax revenue. In Estonia, defence expenditure was mainly influenced by disposable household income per capita and energy import dependency. The study’s findings may be used to ensure both the security of the country and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals Pengeluaran Pariwisata dan Karakteristik Sosial Demografi Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Sri Subanti ◽  
Arif Rahman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Tourism Expenditure ◽  
Length Of Study

The study about tourism expenditure had been one of the important things in the formulation of tourism development, such as marketing analysis, strategies, and policies. Based on this condition, the purpose of our paper wants to know about the determinants of tourism expenditure at households level based on their demographic characteristics. The findings of this paper, (1) the important factors affecting household tourism expenditure are marital status, sex, household income per capita, education for heads of households, the length of study for household members in average, number of households, urban-rural, and industrial origin for head of household; (2) variables that are positively related to tourism expenditure are marital status, age, education, number of household, household income per capita, the length of study for household members in average, urban-rural, and home ownership. This paper suggest that the local governments should give an attention on households demographic characteristics to formulate the tourism marketing and the tourism policies.<br />Keywords : tourism expenditure, demographic characteristics, households

scholarly journals Income Inequality among Various Occupations/Professions in Pakistan-Estimates Based on Household Income Per Capita

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehboob Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Introduction There is a long list of studies related to distribution of income in Pakistan. Most of these have been confined to the calculation of various measures of inequalities. These studies include Khadija Haq (1964), Bergan (1967) Mehmood (1984), Ercelawn (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1969) etc. Apart from these there are other studies including Jeetun(1978), Chaudhry (1982), Cheema and Malik (1984) Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985), Kruijk (1986), Kemal (1994), Jaffery and Khattak (1995), Chaudhary (1995) etc. Jeetun (1978) in his paper concentrated on consequences of economic growth on the level of inequality whereas Chaudhary (1982) tried to find out the impact of the Green Revolution on income inequalities. Cheema and Malik (1984) tried to find out the effects of different income policies on the consumption and level of employment in Pakistan. Kemal (1994) examined the impact of the adjustment period of Pakistan since the late 1970s on efficiency and equity.

scholarly journals PENGELOMPOKAN RUMAH TANGGA DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN PENDAPATAN PER KAPITA DENGAN MODEL FINITE MIXTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Irwan Susanto ◽  
Sri Sulistijowati Handajani
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Mixture Model ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Finite Mixture Model ◽  
Finite Mixture ◽  
Statistical Distributions ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

In the statistical modeling framework, the form of the income distribution can be approaching based on certain statistical distributions. The use of the finite mixture model is relatively flexible in the modeling of the income distribution that has a multimodal pattern. The multimodal pattern can be indicated as the existence of different cluster on the data. The different clusters which can reflect the economic homogeneity of income are represented by the mixture components of the finite mixture model. In this paper, the finite mixture model is implemented for modeling the distribution of household income per capita in Indonesia based on The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS5) 2014-2015. The mixture components of the finite mixture model have been build based on the heavy-tailed statistical distributions, i.e., gamma, lognormal, and Weibull distributions. The estimation of the fitting finite mixture model was conducted using the maximum-likelihood estimation method through the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The suitable finite mixture models were verified with the bootstrap likelihood ratio statistics test, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Based on the results, the distribution of household income per capita in Indonesia can be modeled by the four components-lognormal mixture model.

scholarly journals Understanding the behaviour of house prices and household income per capita in South Africa: application of the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthanasius Fomum Tita ◽  
Pieter Opperman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Household Income ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Affordable House

Purpose Homeownership provides shelter and is a vital component of wealth, and house purchase signifies a lifetime achievement for many households. For South Africa confronted with social and structural challenges, homeownership by the low and lower middle-income household is pivotal for its structural transformation process. In spite of these potential benefits, research on the affordable housing market in the context of South Africa is limited. This study aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by answering the question “do changes in household income per capita have a symmetric or asymmetric effect on affordable house prices?” Design/methodology/approach A survey of the international literature on house prices and income revealed that linear modelling that assumes symmetric reaction of macroeconomic variables dominates the empirical strategy. This linearity assumption is restrictive and fails to capture possible asymmetric dynamics inherent in the housing market. The authors address this empirical limitation by using asymmetric non-linear autoregressive distributed lag models that can test and detect the existence of asymmetry in both the long and short run using data from 1985Q1 to 2016Q3. Findings The results revealed the presence of an asymmetric long-run relationship between affordable house prices and household income per capita. The estimated asymmetric long-run coefficients of logIncome[+] and logIncome[−] are 1.080 and −4.354, respectively, implying that a 1% increase/decrease in household income per capita induces a 1.08% rise/4.35% decline in affordable house prices everything being equal. The positive increase in affordable house prices creates wealth, helps low and middle-income household climb the property ladder and can reduce inequality, which provides support for the country’s structural transformation process. Conversely, a decline in affordable house prices tends to reduce wealth and widen inequality. Practical implications This paper recommends both supply- and demand-side policies to support affordable housing development. Supply-side stimulants should include incentives to attract developers to affordable markets such as municipal serviced land and tax credit. Demand-side policy should focus on asset-based welfare policy; for example, the current Finance Linked Income Subsidy Programme (FLISP). Efficient management and coordination of the FLISP are essential to enhance the affordability of first-time buyers. Given the enormous size of the affordable property market, the practice of mortgage securitization by financial institutions should be monitored, as a persistent decline in income can trigger a systemic risk to the economy. Social implications The study results illustrate the importance of homeownership by low- and middle-income households and that the development of the affordable market segment can boost wealth creation and reduce residential segregation. This, in turn, provides support to the country’s structural transformation process. Originality/value The affordable housing market in South Africa is of strategic importance to the economy, accounting for 71.4% of all residential properties. Homeownership by low and lower middle-income households creates wealth, reduces wealth inequality and improves revenue collection for local governments. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by modelling the asymmetric behaviour of affordable house prices to changes in household income per capita and other macroeconomic fundamentals. Based on available evidence, this is the first attempt to examine the dynamic asymmetry between affordable house prices and household income per capita in South Africa.

PENGARUH UPAH MINUMUM TERHADAP TENAGA KERJA DI NEGARA DENGAN TINGKAT PENGHASILAN RATA-RATA YANG RENDAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veny Anindya Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Association Data

<p>The minimum wage is a macroeconomic issue that is still debated, Basically, the minimum wage policy aimed to protect workers, so that thet earn an adequate wages to finance the basic needs of their life. Practically, the minimum wage policy often encounters its purpose because it is regarged as miserable for those who have no expertise. This phenomenon is mainly happening in the low –avegrage- income countries that have many unskilled workers. Gahana, Indonesia, Costra Rica were used to be analyzed in this paper. According to International Water Association data year 2006, those countris earn income per capita less than US$ 9,200 and were categorized as low average – income countries. This research found that minimum wage impelentation in all three countries was not effective. When minimum wage policy was implemented, a lot of people felt aggrieved.</p><p>Keywords : Economic polict, Minimum wage, Income</p>

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