Association between annual household income and adverse outcomes in patients who had ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-216481
Author(s):  
Yuhan Zang ◽  
Zhengbao Zhu ◽  
Mengyao Shi ◽  
Aili Wang ◽  
Xuewei Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Per Capita

Background and purposeThe association between annual household income and prognosis of ischaemic stroke remains debatable. We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationship between annual household income and prognosis at 3 months after ischaemic stroke.MethodsWe included 3975 participants from the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke. All participants were categorised into three groups according to annual household income per capita: <¥10 000 (Chinese Yuan Renminbi (RMB)), ¥10 000–19 999 and ≥¥20 000. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 months after stroke onset, and secondary outcomes included major disability, death, and vascular events. A meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the results of the current study and previous studies on the association of income level with outcomes after stroke.ResultsWithin 3 months after ischaemic stroke, 1002 participants (25.20%) experienced primary outcome (880 major disabilities and 122 deaths). After multivariate adjustment, low annual household income level was associated with increased risk of the primary outcome (OR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.31; Ptrend=0.034) when two extreme groups were compared. The meta-analysis confirmed the significant association between income level and death or major disability after stroke (pooled relative risk for lowest vs highest income level, 1.31 (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.45)).ConclusionsLow annual household income per capita was significantly associated with increased risks of adverse clinical outcomes at 3 months after ischaemic stroke, independently of established risk factors. Further studies from other samples are needed to replicate our findings due to a reason for excluding some patients who had a severe stroke in this study.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov (http://wwwclinicaltrialsgov) Registry (NCT01840072).

Effects of Early Hypertension Control after Ischaemic Stroke on the Outcome: A Meta-Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuping Liu ◽  
Chengyan Li ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Jing Xiong ◽  
Xueqing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Stroke Recurrence ◽  
Hypertension Control ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Haemorrhagic Transformation ◽  
Review Manager

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that high blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of cerebral oedema and haemorrhagic transformation of the ischaemic stroke (IS), and that low BP in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is associated with a poor prognosis. The best possible management of hypertension after AIS is still uncertain. Materials and Methods: English databases were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of early BP lowering (started within the first 48 h) after IS on outcome from January 1990 to August 2015. We set strict inclusion criteria and used the Review Manager 5.2 software from Cochrane Collaboration to calculate the combined risk ratio (RR). Result: Eight studies met our criteria. Early BP lowering after AIS did not significantly affect the risk of early and long-term death (RR 1.22; 95% CI 0.69-2.16 and RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.62-1.71), early and long-term dependency (RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.10 and RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.84-1.36), early and long-term death or dependency (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.94-1.19 and RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.95-1.05), long-term stroke recurrence (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.49-1.11), long-term myocardial infarction (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.27-3.61), and long-term vascular events (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.72-1.31). Conclusion: Our results revealed neither support nor opposition to early BP lowering (started within 48 h) after AIS; individualized BP management based on the patients' condition may be a good choice.

The Economic Impact of Ecotourism on Regional China: Further Evidence from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Qin Sun ◽  
Yapa M. W. Y. Bandara ◽  
Kishor Sharma ◽  
John Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This article contributes to the literature on the economic impact of ecotourism in regional China with a focus on Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which attract about 50 per cent of the total number of tourists visiting China annually. Our analysis suggests that tourism significantly contributes to value added, output, income and employment generation in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, although the level of contribution varies between the two provinces. For example, the impact of an additional tourist dollar would be higher in generating employment and household income in Yunnan province, while the same dollar has a higher impact in generating value added in Sichuan. While in both provinces international tourists generate much higher income per capita than their domestic counterparts, in comparison with Sichuan, Yunnan is considered to be better placed for further development of tourism, particularly ecotourism. The promotion of ecotourism in these provinces will also encourage the Chinese youth to stay in their own provinces rather than to migrate to export-processing provinces—a problem that has already created a concern among the Chinese policymakers.

MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450005 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUHENG DENG ◽  
JINJUN XUE
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita

Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.

scholarly journals Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuro Uehara ◽  
Mateo Cordier
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Validation

A study by Barnes (2019) concluded that there exists an empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita. However, this result needs careful interpretation. The study adopted data that used the World Bank database to compute mismanaged plastic waste amounts. Because data to compute them were not available for all countries, missing data were estimated by relating them to economic classification (i.e., income level). In other words, the data used for the analysis by Barnes simply assumed—without scientific validation—that mismanaged plastic waste amounts are related to economic classification (i.e., income level).

scholarly journals Impact of National Competitiveness on Economic Growth and Income Level – Evidence From the Selected Post-Soviet Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Aziz Sodikov ◽  
Zuhriddin Rizaev ◽  
Lee Chin ◽  
Shahnoza Ochilova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Ict Adoption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

This paper investigates the impact of national competitiveness on productivity, economic growth and income per capita in the selected post-Soviet countries between 2004 and 2018. In this paper, 2019 edition of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), which is composed of 12 pillars such as namely institutions, infrastructure, ICT adoption, macroeconomic stability, health, skills, product market, labour market, financial system, market size, business dynamism and innovation capability, is used as a proxy for the national competitiveness and productivity for the empirical analysis purposes. The findings reveal that: (1) the GCI is highly correlated with productivity level and the selected post-Soviet countries with higher level of national competitiveness had higher long-term economic growth and income per capita, (2) Russia and Kazakhstan more benefited from rising per capita income associated with enhanced national competitiveness (or productivity growth) compared to other selected former Soviet states, (3) among the GCI factors, ICT adoption, macroeconomic stability, market size and healthy life expectancy were major levers of productivity growth that influenced the national competitiveness, positively and significantly contributing to an increase in the income level in the selected post-Soviet countries in 2004-2018 period.

scholarly journals Effect of per Capita Income on the Relationship between Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Newborn. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8015
Author(s):  
Carmen Alba Moliner-Sánchez ◽  
José Enrique Iranzo-Cortés ◽  
José Manuel Almerich-Silla ◽  
Carlos Bellot-Arcís ◽  
José Carmelo Ortolá-Siscar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

This work analyzed the available evidence in the scientific literature about the risk of preterm birth and/or giving birth to low birth weight newborns in pregnant women with periodontal disease. A systematic search was carried out in three databases for observational cohort studies that related periodontal disease in pregnant women with the risk of preterm delivery and/or low birth weight, and that gave their results in relative risk (RR) values. Eleven articles were found, meeting the inclusion criteria. Statistically significant values were obtained regarding the risk of preterm birth in pregnant women with periodontitis (RR = 1.67 (1.17–2.38), 95% confidence interval (CI)), and low birth weight (RR = 2.53 (1.61–3.98) 95% CI). When a meta-regression was carried out to relate these results to the income level of each country, statistically significant results were also obtained; on the one hand, for preterm birth, a RR = 1.8 (1.43–2.27) 95% CI was obtained and, on the other hand, for low birth weight, RR = 2.9 (1.98–4.26) 95% CI. A statistically significant association of periodontitis, and the two childbirth complications studied was found, when studying the association between these results and the country’s per capita income level. However, more studies and clinical trials are needed in this regard to confirm the conclusions obtained.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Relationship between Defence Expenditure and Sustainable Development in the Baltic Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6916
Author(s):  
Gitana Dudzevičiūtė ◽  
Svajone Bekesiene ◽  
Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene ◽  
Galina Ševčenko-Kozlovska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Small States ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Sustainable Development Indicators ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Defence Expenditure

As geopolitical instability increases and new threats emerge, a number of countries are increasing their respective allocations for defence expenditure in order to take greater responsibility for their citizens in terms of defending and protecting their values and way of life. Small states such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia must evaluate certain economic, political, and strategic factors when increasing their respective defence expenditure. While they do tend to increase expenditure on national defence matters, budgetary constraints often force them to cut funding in some civilian domains or to increase their borrowing on international markets. Therefore, the security and defence of small states must be addressed in an integrated way, taking into account economic, social, and environmental factors. The aim of this article is to assess the relationships between defence expenditure and sustainable development indicators during the period between 2000 and 2018 in the Baltic states. The authors of this article aimed to determine which sustainable development indicators have a significant impact upon a country’s expenditure when it comes to defence matters. The study was conducted using econometric methods, including Spearman’s correlation analysis and Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM). The research results revealed some differences amongst the Baltic countries. In Lithuania, the employment rate and R&D personnel as a share of the active population demonstrated a significant impact upon defence expenditure. In Latvia, defence expenditure was found to be affected by disposable household income per capita and environmental taxes as a share of total tax revenue. In Estonia, defence expenditure was mainly influenced by disposable household income per capita and energy import dependency. The study’s findings may be used to ensure both the security of the country and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding after Returning to Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8631
Author(s):  
Frédéric Dutheil ◽  
Grégory Méchin ◽  
Philippe Vorilhon ◽  
Amanda C. Benson ◽  
Anne Bottet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Returning To Work ◽  
Per Capita

Background: The benefits of breastfeeding are widely known; however, continuation after returning to work (RTW) is not. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW. The secondary objectives were to compare the economic statuses between continents. Method: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Base, and Embase were searched until 1 September 2020, and two independent reviewers selected the studies and collated the data. To be included, articles needed to describe our primary outcome, i.e., prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW. Results: We included 14 studies, analyzing 42,820 women. The overall prevalence of breastfeeding after RTW was 25% (95% CI, 21% to 29%), with an important heterogeneity (I2 = 98.6%)—prevalence ranging from 2% to 61%. Stratification by continents and by GDP per capita also showed huge heterogeneity. The Middle East had the weakest total prevalence with 10% (6% to 14%), and Oceania the strongest with 35% (21% to 50%). Despite the prevalence of breastfeeding in general increasing with GDP per capita (<US$5000: 19%, US$5000–30,000: 22%; US$30,000 to 50,000: 25%, >US$50,000 42%), the prevalence of non-exclusive breastfeeding follows more of a U-curve with the lowest and highest GDP per capita having the highest percentages of breastfeeding (<US$5000: 47% and >US$50,000: 50%, versus <28% for all other categories). Conclusion: Breastfeeding after RTW is widely heterogeneous across the world. Despite economic status playing a role in breastfeeding after RTW, cultural aspects seem influential. The lack of data regarding breastfeeding after RTW in most countries demonstrates the strong need of data to inform effective preventive strategies.

scholarly journals Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuro Uehara ◽  
Mateo Cordier
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Validation

A study by Barnes (2019) concluded that there exists an empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita. However, this result needs careful interpretation. The study adopted data that used the World Bank database to compute mismanaged plastic waste amounts. Because data to compute them were not available for all countries, missing data were estimated by relating them to economic classification (i.e., income level). In other words, the data used for the analysis by Barnes simply assumed—without scientific validation—that mismanaged plastic waste amounts are related to economic classification (i.e., income level).

Predictors of episodic migraine transformation to chronic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies

Cephalalgia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
Fanyi Kong ◽  
Dawn C Buse
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Chronic Migraine ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Episodic Migraine ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Increased Risk

Background and purpose An estimated 2.5–3.1% of people with episodic migraine develop chronic migraine in a year. Several risk factors are associated with an increased risk for this transformation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide quantitative and qualitative data on predictors of this transformation. Methods An electronic search was conducted for published, prospective, cohort studies that reported risk factors for chronic migraine among people with episodic migraine. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Quality of evidence was determined according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. Effect estimates were retrieved and summarized using risk ratios. Results Of 5695 identified publications, 11 were eligible for inclusion. The pooled analysis (GRADE system) found “high” evidence for monthly headache day frequency ≥ 10 (risk ratio = 5.95), “moderate” evidence for depression (risk ratio = 1.58), monthly headache day frequency ≥ 5 (risk ratio = 3.18), and annual household income ≥ $50,000 (risk ratio = 0.65) and “very low” evidence for allodynia (risk ratio = 1.40) and medication overuse (risk ratio = 8.82) in predicting progression to chronic migraine. Conclusions High frequency episodic migraine and depression have high quality evidence as predictors of the transformation from episodic migraine to chronic migraine, while annual household income over $50,000 may be protective.

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