scholarly journals Income Inequality among Various Occupations/Professions in Pakistan-Estimates Based on Household Income Per Capita

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehboob Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Introduction There is a long list of studies related to distribution of income in Pakistan. Most of these have been confined to the calculation of various measures of inequalities. These studies include Khadija Haq (1964), Bergan (1967) Mehmood (1984), Ercelawn (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1969) etc. Apart from these there are other studies including Jeetun(1978), Chaudhry (1982), Cheema and Malik (1984) Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985), Kruijk (1986), Kemal (1994), Jaffery and Khattak (1995), Chaudhary (1995) etc. Jeetun (1978) in his paper concentrated on consequences of economic growth on the level of inequality whereas Chaudhary (1982) tried to find out the impact of the Green Revolution on income inequalities. Cheema and Malik (1984) tried to find out the effects of different income policies on the consumption and level of employment in Pakistan. Kemal (1994) examined the impact of the adjustment period of Pakistan since the late 1970s on efficiency and equity.

Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dengue on Economic Growth: The Case of Southern Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Chien-Yuan Sher ◽  
Ho Ting Wong ◽  
Yu-Chun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Dengue Outbreak ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Dengue has long been a public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. In 2015, a dengue outbreak occurred in Taiwan, where 43,784 cases were reported. This study aims to assess the impact of dengue on Southern Taiwan’s economic growth according to the economic growth model-based regression approach recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Herein, annual data from Southern Taiwan on the number of dengue cases, income growth, and demographics from 2010–2015 were analyzed. The percentage of reduction of the average income per capita in 2015 due to the dengue outbreak was estimated. Dengue was determined to have a negative linear economic impact on Southern Taiwan’s economic growth. In particular, a reduction of 0.26% in the average income per capita was estimated in Southern Taiwan due to the 2015 outbreak. If the model is applied alongside other dengue outbreak forecast models, then the forecast for economic reduction due to a future dengue outbreak may also be estimated. Prevention and recovery policies may subsequently be decided upon based on not only the number of dengue cases but also the degree of economic burden resulting from an outbreak.

The Economic Impact of Ecotourism on Regional China: Further Evidence from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Qin Sun ◽  
Yapa M. W. Y. Bandara ◽  
Kishor Sharma ◽  
John Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This article contributes to the literature on the economic impact of ecotourism in regional China with a focus on Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which attract about 50 per cent of the total number of tourists visiting China annually. Our analysis suggests that tourism significantly contributes to value added, output, income and employment generation in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, although the level of contribution varies between the two provinces. For example, the impact of an additional tourist dollar would be higher in generating employment and household income in Yunnan province, while the same dollar has a higher impact in generating value added in Sichuan. While in both provinces international tourists generate much higher income per capita than their domestic counterparts, in comparison with Sichuan, Yunnan is considered to be better placed for further development of tourism, particularly ecotourism. The promotion of ecotourism in these provinces will also encourage the Chinese youth to stay in their own provinces rather than to migrate to export-processing provinces—a problem that has already created a concern among the Chinese policymakers.

MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450005 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUHENG DENG ◽  
JINJUN XUE
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita

Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.

scholarly journals Impact of National Competitiveness on Economic Growth and Income Level – Evidence From the Selected Post-Soviet Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Aziz Sodikov ◽  
Zuhriddin Rizaev ◽  
Lee Chin ◽  
Shahnoza Ochilova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Ict Adoption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

This paper investigates the impact of national competitiveness on productivity, economic growth and income per capita in the selected post-Soviet countries between 2004 and 2018. In this paper, 2019 edition of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), which is composed of 12 pillars such as namely institutions, infrastructure, ICT adoption, macroeconomic stability, health, skills, product market, labour market, financial system, market size, business dynamism and innovation capability, is used as a proxy for the national competitiveness and productivity for the empirical analysis purposes. The findings reveal that: (1) the GCI is highly correlated with productivity level and the selected post-Soviet countries with higher level of national competitiveness had higher long-term economic growth and income per capita, (2) Russia and Kazakhstan more benefited from rising per capita income associated with enhanced national competitiveness (or productivity growth) compared to other selected former Soviet states, (3) among the GCI factors, ICT adoption, macroeconomic stability, market size and healthy life expectancy were major levers of productivity growth that influenced the national competitiveness, positively and significantly contributing to an increase in the income level in the selected post-Soviet countries in 2004-2018 period.

scholarly journals The Impact of Remittances on Poverty Alleviation in Selected Emerging Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunofiwa Tsaurai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Migrant Remittances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poverty Levels

The study explored the impact of remittances on poverty in selected emerging markets. On the theoretical front, the optimistic view argued that remittances inflow into the labour exporting country reduces poverty whereas the pessimistic view proponents said that remittances dependence syndrome retards both economic growth and income per capita. Separately, using two measures of poverty [the poverty headcount ratio at US $1.90 and US $3.10 a day (% of population)] as dependent variables, the fixed effects approach produced results which supported the remittances led poverty reduction (optimistic) hypothesis whereas the pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) framework found that remittances inflow into the selected emerging markets led to an increase in poverty levels. The implication of the findings is that emerging markets should put in place policies that attract migrant remittances in order to reduce poverty levels. They should avoid over‑reliance on remittances as that might retard economic growth and income per capita.

An Econometric Analysis of the Links Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth

2009 ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Yohannes G. Hailu ◽  
Tesfa G. Gebremedhin ◽  
Randall W. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
County Level ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates temporal demographic changes and income inequalities, and more importantly the relationship between income inequality and economic growth inWest Virginia. Departing from earlier studies, a regional growth model is utilized and empirically tested using county level West Virginia data (1990-2000). Results suggest that per-capita income change is positively related to population and employment changes but negatively related to income inequality. This empirical evidence indicates that higher income inequality can potentially hinder economic growth.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfu Shen ◽  
Wai Yan Shum ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Lafang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Regional Income Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RUSSIAN REGIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Rogneda Vasilyeva ◽  
Oleg Mariev ◽  
Elena Ignatieva ◽  
Alla Serkova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
The Impact

Inequality in the distribution of income of the population has a certain impact on different aspects of the economic and socio-cultural development of countries and regions. This inequality arises due to a number of factors as the current nature of the production specialization, the availability of production and economic infrastructure, the achieved level of development of the social sphere, socio-cultural, demographic, and other factors. The main objective of this study is to assess the nature and extent of the impact of income inequality in the Russian regions for the subsequent justification of the directions of socio-economic development. We conducted an econometric analysis of the impact of intraregional income inequality (the Gini coefficient), fixed capital investment per capita, and average per capita consumer spending on one of the main indicators of regional economic growth (GRP) per capita was carried out. The model is based on panel data for the period 2012-2018 for 85 regions of the Russian Federation. The results of the study confirm two of three hypotheses. As prospects for further research, it is proposed to consider the impact of inequality in the distribution of household income on economic growth for different groups of regions, including resource-type regions and regions with a predominance of manufacturing industries, as well as for leading regions and regions with a relatively low level of socio-economic development.

scholarly journals The Impact of Family and Child-Allowances on Income Inequality in Poland. Gini Decomposition by Income Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Ewa Wędrowska ◽  
Joanna Muszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Child Allowances ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Gini Decomposition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research background: This paper analyses how different income sources affect the level of inequality in Poland, with focus on the role of family and children related allowances in decreasing income inequalities in 2015–2017. Therefore, the study has focused on the various subgroups of households with children. Purpose: The paper is aimed at examining the extent to which family and children related allowances affect household income inequality and identifying whether they affect inequality in various groups of households in the same way. Methodology: The study was carried out on micro-data gathered by Eurostat. To examine the extent to which different income components affect income inequality, we decompose the Gini coefficient according to the method introduced by Lerman and Yitzhaki. Results: Our study revealed that for most households with children, the inequality-reducing effect due to family and children related allowances increased in 2017 compared to 2015. However, despite the additional child-raising benefit under the “Family 500+” programme, income taxes and social security contributions remained by far the most important factor in reducing household income inequalities in Poland. Novelty: To our knowledge, no study has yet attempted to assess the extent to which family and child-allowances affect income inequality based on real data. The present analysis takes a step towards filling this gap. Unlike other studies based on microsimulation, in this paper we made use of the representative micro-data derived from the EU-SILC study.

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