Prevalence of bovine veneral disease in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory: likely economic effects and practicable control measures

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J McCOOL ◽  
M P TOWNSEND ◽  
S G WOLFE ◽  
M A SIMPSON ◽  
T C OLM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Territory ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures

scholarly journals Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hondou
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Applicable Knowledge

Abstract After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge, economists began researching this issue using cost-benefit analysis and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski [R. Rowthorn and J.A. Maciejowski, Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy 36, S38 (2020)] used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for the guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This implies that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is applicable not only to COVID-19, and whether or not “herd immunity” exists. It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process. Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.

scholarly journals The Healthy Crew, Clean Vessel, and Set Departure Date Triad: Successful Control of Outbreaks of COVID-19 On Board Four Cargo Vessels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Tudor A. Codreanu ◽  
Nevada Pingault ◽  
Edmond O’Loughlin ◽  
Paul K. Armstrong ◽  
Benjamin Scalley
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Departure Date

Abstract Background: A variety of infectious diseases can cause outbreaks on board vessels, with both health and economic effects. Internationally, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks have occurred on numerous cruise and cargo vessels and the containment measures, travel restrictions, and border closures continue to make it increasingly difficult for ship operators world-wide to be granted pratique, effect crew changes, and conduct trade. An effective outbreak management strategy is essential to achieve the outcome triad – healthy crew, clean vessel, and set departure date – while maintaining the safety of the on-shore workers and broader community and minimizing disruption to trade. This report describes the principles of COVID-19 outbreak responses on four cargo vessels, including the successful use of one vessel as a quarantine facility. Methods: Established principles of management and the experiences of COVID-19 outbreaks on cruise ships elsewhere informed a health-lead, multi-agency, strict 14-day quarantine (Q) regime based on: population density reduction on board; crew segregation; vessel cleaning and sanitation; infection risk zones, access, and control measures; health monitoring; case identification and management; food preparation and delivery; waste management control; communication; and welfare and security. Findings: Sixty-five crew were diagnosed with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (range 2-25; attack rate 10%-81%; 15 asymptomatic). No deaths were recorded, and only one crew was hospitalized for COVID-19-related symptoms but did not require intensive care support. Catering crew were among the cases on three vessels. All non-essential crew (n-EC) and most of the cases were disembarked. During the vessel’s Q period, no further cases were diagnosed on board, and no crew became symptomatic after completion of Q. The outbreak response duration was 15-17 days from initial decision. No serious health issues were reported, no response staff became infected, and only two Q protocol breaches occurred among crew. Interpretation: Despite increasing risk of outbreaks on cargo vessels, maritime trade and crew exchanges must continue. The potential consequences of COVID-19 outbreaks to human life and to trade necessitate a balanced response. The principles described can offer health, financial, operational, and safety advantages.

scholarly journals Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hondou
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Applicable Knowledge

Abstract After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge1), economists began researching this issue2, 3, 4, 5, 6) using cost-benefit analysis7, 8) and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski2, 4) used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This means that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is not only applicable to COVID-19 and whether or not ‘herd immunity’ exists11, 12). It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process2, 4). Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.

Economic Applicability Evaluation of the Method of Replacement with Gobi Desert in Tibetan Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 2990-2993
Author(s):  
Jie Liu ◽  
Jie Pan
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Gobi Desert ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Applicability Evaluation

There is lack of building materials in Tibetan areas of PRC, and its region is vast, so even the ordinary materials are usually expensive when construction. In order to take advantage of local materials, one kind of local materials can be seen everywhere, Gobi desert was used in the filling technology. According to application, it indicates that this material can meet the requirement of the code of China. Comparing to method of replacement with coarse sand which comes from local Lasha River and Niyang River, the economic effects of the method of replacement with Gobi desert is obvious. The same time the construction period can be shortened largely. The key control measures of construction quality are presented on the basis of engineering practice.

scholarly journals Border Regimes and Pandemic Law in Time of COVID-19: A View from Brazil

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 327-331
Author(s):  
Florian F. Hoffmann ◽  
Isadora d'Avila Lima Nery Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Regulations ◽  
Point Of Departure

COVID-19 has had a profound impact on migrants and refugees the world over. Their pre-existing vulnerabilities were immediately exacerbated as national health systems were often overwhelmed and many disease control measures were either inaccessible to them or had disproportionate socio-economic effects. But migrants and refugees have also been framed as prima facie causes for the transboundary spread of the virus, and public health exception and derogation clauses in both national and international refugee and human rights instruments have been used to block their entry, suspend asylum processing, or trigger deportations. Taking the example of Brazil as a point of departure, the present contribution argues that (for at least some states) the appearance of the virus seems to have served as a legal carte blanche for fundamentally reconfiguring or closing down border regimes. More specifically, we argue that the strategic mainstreaming of global health regulations into border regimes points to the emergence of a “pandemic law” that encroaches upon already fragile transnational legal regime complexes, with the potential to upend or hollow out existing frameworks for migrant and refugee protection.

scholarly journals Lessons from co-production of evidence and policy in Nigeria’s COVID-19 response

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e004793
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Abubakar ◽  
Sarah L Dalglish ◽  
Chikwe A Ihekweazu ◽  
Omotayo Bolu ◽  
Sani H Aliyu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Key Aspects

In February 2020, Nigeria faced a potentially catastrophic COVID-19 outbreak due to multiple introductions, high population density in urban slums, prevalence of other infectious diseases and poor health infrastructure. As in other countries, Nigerian policymakers had to make rapid and consequential decisions with limited understanding of transmission dynamics and the efficacy of available control measures. We present an account of the Nigerian COVID-19 response based on co-production of evidence between political decision-makers, health policymakers and academics from Nigerian and foreign institutions, an approach that allowed a multidisciplinary group to collaborate on issues arising in real time. Key aspects of the process were the central role of policymakers in determining priority areas and the coordination of multiple, sometime conflicting inputs from stakeholders to write briefing papers and inform effective national decision making. However, the co-production approach met with some challenges, including limited transparency, bureaucratic obstacles and an overly epidemiological focus on numbers of cases and deaths, arguably to the detriment of addressing social and economic effects of response measures. Larger systemic obstacles included a complex multitiered health system, fragmented decision-making structures and limited funding for implementation. Going forward, Nigeria should strengthen the integration of the national response within existing health decision bodies and implement strategies to mitigate the social and economic impact, particularly on the poorest Nigerians. The co-production of evidence examining the broader public health impact, with synthesis by multidisciplinary teams, is essential to meeting the social and public health challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria and other countries.

scholarly journals The smash of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in the grasslands of Oman

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahaad Issa Shammas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the invasiveness of Parthenium hysterophorus L. considered as harmful, unpleasant noxious invasive weed in Sultanate of Oman. Since the subject of investigation has allelopathic effects, the author’s objective is to identify its abundance, its impact to environment, human and animal health. Allelopathy of this invasive weed has started to be known and considered by the farmers and harvesters. The harmful and socio-economic effects of the weed to humans, animals and to landscape are not fully known nor understood by the local farmers and pastoralists in the southern part of Oman where this weed is most invasive. Data were collected through field observation, informal interviews, focus group discussions and survey questionnaire. They were treated and analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings prompted the participants to propose possible and practical control solutions for the spread of P. hysterophorus if not totally eradicated, considering the availability of resources, level of awareness and the socio-economic status of the affected regions. The results of the investigation are hoped to improve the over-all management that are being conducted by the concerned agencies and volunteers towards the rapid spread of the weed. The findings revealed that P. hysterophorus has serious impacts on vegetation, pastures and agriculture, as it was observed in reduced level growth of both plants and trees. The possible control measures gathered from the participants indicate that they are willing to cooperate and learn more about the impact of the weed.

scholarly journals Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hondou
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Applicable Knowledge

Abstract After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge1), economists began researching this issue2, 3, 4, 5, 6) using cost-benefit analysis7, 8) and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski2, 4) used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This means that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is not only applicable to COVID-19 and whether or not ‘herd immunity’ exists11, 12). It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process2, 4). Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.

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