Physiological responses to salinity among warm‐season turfgrasses of contrasting salinity tolerance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Chavarria ◽  
Benjamin Wherley ◽  
Russell Jessup ◽  
Ambika Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Warm Season

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of Selected Seashore Paspalums and Bermudagrasses: Root and Verdure Responses and Criteria

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geungjoo Lee ◽  
Robert N. Carrow ◽  
Ronny R. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Total Growth

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) is a warm season turfgrass that survives in sand dunes along coastal sites and around brackish ponds or estuaries. The first exposure to salt stress normally occurs in the rhizosphere for persistent turfgrass. Information on diversity in salinity tolerance of seashore paspalums is limited. From Apr. to Oct. 1997, eight seashore paspalum ecotypes (SI 94-1, SI 92, SI 94-2, `Sea Isle 1', `Excalibur', `Sea Isle 2000', `Salam', `Adalayd') and four bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Butt-Davy) cultivars (`Tifgreen', `Tifway', `TifSport', `TifEagle') were investigated for levels of salinity tolerance based on root and verdure responses in nutrient/sand culture under greenhouse conditions. Different salt levels (1.1 to 41.1 dS·m-1) were created with sea salt. Measurements were taken for absolute growth at 1.1 (ECw0; electrical conductivity of water), 24.8 (ECw24), 33.1 (ECw 32), and 41.1 dS·m-1 (ECw40), threshold ECw, and ECw for 25% growth reduction from ECw0 growth (ECw25%). Varying levels of salinity tolerance among the 12 entries were observed based on root, verdure, and total plant yield. Ranges of root characteristics were inherent growth (ECw0) = 0.20 to 0.61 g dry weight (DW); growth at ECw24 = 0.11 to 0.47 g; growth at ECw32 = 0.13 to 0.50 g; growth at ECw40 = 0.13 to 0.50 g; threshold ECw = 3.1 to 9.9 dS·m-1; and ECw25% = 23 to 39 dS·m-1. For verdure, ranges were inherent growth at ECw0 = 0.40 to 1.07 g DW; growth at ECw40 = 0.31 to 0.84 g; and ratio of yields at ECw40 to ECw0 = 0.54 to 1.03. Ranges for total growth were inherent growth at ECw0 = 0.72 to 2.66 g DW; growth at ECw24 = 0.55 to 2.23 g; growth at ECw32 = 0.54 to 2.08 g; growth at ECw40 = 0.52 to 1.66 g; threshold ECw = 2.3 to 12.8 dS·m-1; and ECw25% = 16 to 38 dS·m-1. Significant salinity tolerance differences existed among seashore paspalums and bermudagrasses as demonstrated by root, verdure, and total growth measurements. When grasses were ranked across all criteria exhibiting a significant F test based on root, verdure, and total growth, the most tolerant ecotypes were SI 94-1 and SI 92. Salinity tolerance of bermudagrass cultivars was relatively lower than SI 94-1 and SI 92. For assessing salinity tolerance, minimum evaluation criteria must include absolute growth at ECw0 and ECw 40 dS·m-1 for halophytes, but using all significant parameters of root and total yield is recommended for comprehensive evaluation.

Physiological Responses to Soil Drying by Warm‐Season Turfgrass Species

Crop Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Kevin Kenworthy ◽  
J. Bryan Unruh ◽  
Bishow Poudel ◽  
John E. Erickson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Soil Drying

scholarly journals Salinity in rose production

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Reis ◽  
Júnia Rafael Mendonça Figueiredo ◽  
Renato Paiva ◽  
Diogo Pedrosa Da Silva ◽  
Camila Vitoria Nunes De Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Rose

The rose is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. However, the cultivation systems used for roses often impose salt stress. Saline conditions occur naturally in some regions or by human activity in others with use of low quality water or excessive fertilizer application. In general, roses are considered sensitive to salinity. However, tolerance levels can be different among roses species and cultivars. Therefore, studies are needed that take into account characteristics of each species and how the exposure to salinity occurs. Management of water and nutrients can be important tools for mitigating the effects of high salt concentrations. Also, advances in biotechnology can be used for a better understanding of the physiological responses to salinity and to develop more salt tolerant rose cultivars. Thus, this paper aims to review the progress made and future prospects of salinity tolerance in commercial rose production.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance and Recovery Attributes of Warm-season Turfgrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1625-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Chavarria ◽  
Benjamin Wherley ◽  
James Thomas ◽  
Ambika Chandra ◽  
Paul Raymer
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Elevated Salinity

As population growth places greater pressures on potable water supplies, nonpotable recycled irrigation water is becoming widely used on turfgrass areas including golf courses, sports fields, parks, and lawns. Nonpotable recycled waters often have elevated salinity levels, and therefore turfgrasses must, increasingly, have good salinity tolerance to persist in these environments. This greenhouse study evaluated 10 commonly used cultivars representing warm-season turfgrass species of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.), st. augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) for their comparative salinity tolerance at electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 2.5 (control), 15, 30, and 45 dS·m–1. Salinity treatments were imposed on the grasses for 10 weeks via subirrigation, followed by a 4-week freshwater recovery period. Attributes, including turf quality, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy firing, and shoot biomass reductions were evaluated before and after salinity stress, as well as after the 4-week freshwater recovery period. Results showed considerable differences in salinity tolerance among the cultivars and species used, with the greatest tolerance to elevated salinity noted within seashore paspalum cultivars and Celebration® bermudagrass. In comparison with growth in 2.5-dS·m–1 control conditions, increased shoot growth and turf quality were noted for many bermudagrass and seashore paspalum cultivars at 15 dS·m–1. However, st. augustinegrass and some zoysiagrass cultivars responded to elevated salinity with decreased growth and turf quality. No cultivars that had been exposed to 30- or 45-dS·m–1 salinity recovered to acceptable levels, although bermudagrass and seashore paspalum recovered to acceptable levels after exposure to 15-dS·m–1 salinity. More severe salinity stress was noted during year 2, which coincided with greater greenhouse temperatures relative to year 1.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Salinity Tolerance of Clonal-type Bermudagrass Cultivars and an Experimental Selection

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingying Xiang ◽  
Justin Q. Moss ◽  
Dennis L. Martin ◽  
Kemin Su ◽  
Bruce L. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Salinity Levels

Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) is a highly productive, warm-season, perennial grass that has been grown in the United States for turfgrass, forage, pasture, rangeland, and roadside use. At the same time, many bermudagrass production and reclamation sites across the United States are affected by soil salinity issues. Therefore, identifying bermudagrass with improved salinity tolerance is important for successfully producing bermudagrass and for reclaiming salt-affected sites with saline irrigated water. In this project, the relative salinity tolerance of seven clonal-type bermudagrass was determined, including industry standards and an Oklahoma State University (OSU) experimental line. The experiment was conducted under a controlled environment with six replications of each treatment. Seven bermudagrass entries were exposed to four salinity levels (1.5, 15, 30, and 45 dS·m−1) consecutively via subirrigation systems. The relative salinity tolerance among entries was determined by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), digital image analysis (DIA), leaf firing (LF), turf quality (TQ), shoot dry weight (SW), visual rating (VR), and dark green color index (DGCI). Results indicated that there were variable responses to salinity stress among the entries studied. As salinity levels of the irrigation water increased, all evaluation criterion decreased, except LF. All entries had acceptable TQ when exposed to 15 dS·m−1. When exposed to 30 dS·m−1, experimental entry OKC1302 had less LF than all other entries except ‘Tifway’, while ‘Midlawn’ showed more LF than all the entries. Leaf firing ranged from 1.0 to 2.7 at 45 dS·m−1, where ‘Tifway’ outperformed all other entries. At 45 dS·m−1, the live green cover as measured using DIA ranged from 3.07% to 24.72%. The parameters LF, TQ, NDVI, DGCI, SW, and DIA were all highly correlated with one another, indicating their usefulness as relative salinity tolerance measurements.

scholarly journals Contrasting Rootstock-Mediated Growth and Yield Responses in Salinized Pepper Plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Are Associated with Changes in the Hormonal Balance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3297
Author(s):  
Amparo Gálvez ◽  
Alfonso Albacete ◽  
Cristina Martínez-Andújar ◽  
Francisco M. del Amor ◽  
Josefa López-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Pepper Plants

Salinity provokes an imbalance of vegetative to generative growth, thus impairing crop productivity. Unlike breeding strategies, grafting is a direct and quick alternative to improve salinity tolerance in horticultural crops, through rebalancing plant development. Providing that hormones play a key role in plant growth and development and stress responses, we hypothesized that rootstock-mediated reallocation of vegetative growth and yield under salinity was associated with changes in the hormonal balance. To test this hypothesis, the hybrid pepper variety (Capsicum annuum L. “Gacela F1”) was either non-grafted or grafted onto three commercial rootstocks (Creonte, Atlante, and Terrano) and plants were grown in a greenhouse under control (0 mM NaCl) and moderate salinity (35 mM NaCl) conditions. Differential vegetative growth versus fruit yield responses were induced by rootstock and salinity. Atlante strongly increased shoot and root fresh weight with respect to the non-grafted Gacela plants associated with improved photosynthetic rate and K+ homeostasis under salinity. The invigorating effect of Atlante can be explained by an efficient balance between cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA). Creonte improved fruit yield and maintained the reproductive to vegetative ratio under salinity as a consequence of its capacity to induce biomass reallocation and to avoid Na+ accumulation in the shoot. The physiological responses associated with yield stability in Creonte were mediated by the inverse regulation of CKs and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Finally, Terrano limited the accumulation of gibberellins in the shoot thus reducing plant height. Despite scion compactness induced by Terrano, both vegetative and reproductive biomass were maintained under salinity through ABA-mediated control of water relations and K+ homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that the contrasting developmental and physiological responses induced by the rootstock genotype in salinized pepper plants were critically mediated by hormones. This will be particularly important for rootstock breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance by focusing on hormonal traits.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and physiological responses to salt exposure in Sorghum reveal diversity among domesticated landraces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Henderson ◽  
Philip M. Crim ◽  
Jonathan R. Cumming ◽  
Jennifer S. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ion Profiles ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Staple Crop

ABSTRACTSoil salinity negatively impacts plant function, development, and yield. Sorghum bicolor is a staple crop known to be drought tolerant, to have adapted to a variety of conditions, and to contain significant standing genetic diversity, making it an exemplary species to study phenotypic and physiological variation in salinity tolerance. In our study, a diverse group of sorghum landraces and accessions was first rank-ordered for salinity tolerance and then individuals spanning a wide range of response were analyzed for foliar proline and ion accumulation. We found that, while proline is often a good indicator of osmotic adjustment and is historically associated with increased salt tolerance, proline accumulation in sorghum reflects stress-response injury rather than acclimation. When combining ion profiles with growth responses and stress tolerance indices, the variation observed in tolerance was similarly not a sole result of Na+ accumulation, but rather reflected accession-specific mechanisms that may integrate these and other metabolic responses. When we compared variation in tolerance to phylogenetic relationships, we conclude that the most parsimonious explanation for the variation observed among accessions is that salinity tolerance was acquired early during domestication and was subsequently maintained or lost in diverged lineages during improvement in areas that vary in soil salinity.

Effects of salinity on baldcypress seedlings: Physiological responses and their relation to salinity tolerance

Wetlands ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Allen ◽  
Jim L. Chambers ◽  
S. Reza Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Responses
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