scholarly journals Green revolution ‘stumbles’ in a dry environment: Dwarf wheat with Rht genes fails to produce higher grain yield than taller plants under drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2355-2364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyvaldy Jatayev ◽  
Igor Sukhikh ◽  
Valeriya Vavilova ◽  
Svetlana E. Smolenskaya ◽  
Nikolay P. Goncharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Rht Genes ◽  
Dwarf Wheat

A preliminary assessment of the adaptation of semi-dwarf wheat varieties to the Ord River valley

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dwarf Wheat ◽  
General Response

In the 1966 dry season at Kimberley Research Station in the Ord River valley, the performance under irrigation of three semi-dwarf wheat varieties was compared with that of two Australian varieties at three times of sowing and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer in factorial combination. The general response of the semi-dwarf varieties to time of sowing did not differ from that of the Australian varieties. All varieties, at 0 and 160 lb an acre N, gave higher grain yields when sown in late May than when sown in mid-April or late June. At 320 lb an acre N, each variety gave approximately the same grain yield whether sown in mid-April or late May, with a lower yield from late June sowings. All varieties increased in grain yield between 0 and 160 lb an acre N, but when nitrogen was increased from 160 to 320 lb an acre, the yield of the Australian varieties declined while that of the semi-dwarf varieties either increased or remained approximately the same. As a group, the semi-dwarf varieties differed only from the Australian varieties in their ability to use a high uptake of nitrogen for grain production, in their greater harvest index, 2nd in their lower grab nitrogen content. The highest yields, 75-80 bushels an acre, were obtained from Mexico 120 and Chile 1B.

scholarly journals Trehalose 6-phosphate signalling and impact on crop yield

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 2127-2137
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Paul ◽  
Amy Watson ◽  
Cara A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Plant Resource ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Source Sink

The domestication and breeding of crops has been a major achievement for mankind enabling the development of stable societies and civilisation. Crops have become more productive per unit area of cultivated land over the course of domestication supporting a current global population of 7.8 billion. Food security crops such as wheat and maize have seen large changes compared with early progenitors. Amongst processes that have been altered in these crops, is the allocation of carbon resources to support larger grain yield (grain number and size). In wheat, reduction in stem height has enabled diversion of resources from stems to ears. This has freed up carbon to support greater grain yield. Green revolution genes responsible for reductions in stem height are known, but a unifying mechanism for the active regulation of carbon resource allocation towards and within sinks has however been lacking. The trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) signalling system has emerged as a mechanism of resource allocation and has been implicated in several crop traits including assimilate partitioning and improvement of yield in different environments. Understanding the mode of action of T6P through the SnRK1 protein kinase regulatory system is providing a basis for a unifying mechanism controlling whole-plant resource allocation and source-sink interactions in crops. Latest results show it is likely that the T6P/SnRK1 pathway can be harnessed for further improvements such as grain number and grain filling traits and abiotic stress resilience through targeted gene editing, breeding and chemical approaches.

A high-yielding Mexican semi-dwarf wheat and the relationship of yield to harvest index and other varietal characteristics

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Syme
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Accession Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dwarf Wheat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A study has been made of a Mexican semi-dwarf wheat (Lerma Rojo X Norim 10- Brevor 14) Andes3, local accession number WW 15. In 53 trials, over two seasons and a wide range of conditions, this has shown a marked grain yield superiority over other Mexican and Australian varieties when grown in high yielding environments. Nine varieties in five trials were sampled at maturity. Varietal grain yield was highly correlated with harvest index and with the number of grains set relative to straw and chaff weight. WW 15 excelled in both ratios, and combined a dense ear population with many grains per ear.

scholarly journals Neem Coated Urea (NCU), An Efficient Nitrogen Source for Paddy Cultivation: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashvin Kumar Meena ◽  
R.N. Meena ◽  
Kartikeya Choudhary ◽  
Anoop Kumar Devedee ◽  
Kamlesh Meena
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Paddy Cultivation ◽  
The Right

Green revolution dramatically change the nitrogen application in paddy cultivation and day by day its demand increased but excessive and imbalanced use of nitrogen fertilizer has raised certain global concerns, also its low nitrogen use efficiency. Nitrogen is required in huge amounts for rice and supply of N in the right amount, at the right rate and at right time throughout the growing season is most important to increase the yield. Approximately 90% of the N-fertilizer applied worldwide is in the NH4+ form, which is rapidly oxidized to NO3- by soil nitrifier bacteria. Whereas, NCU temporarily delays the bacterial oxidation of the ammonium-nitrogen by depressing over a certain period of time the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria in the soil. So far more than 75 studies have been conducted to study the performance of NCU in increasing the yield of rice and several other crops. In rice more than 30% of the urea consumed in India is applied, the mean increase in grain yield by replacing urea with NCU is 5 to 6%. NCU has been observed to improve nitrogen use efficiency and subsequently grain yield of rice. Possibly, applying NCU following the site-specific nutrient management principles will lead to paddy production of higher levels as observed with ordinary urea but with lower fertilizer application rates.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation frequency on a semi-dwarf wheat in south-east Australia. 1. Growth and yield

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Dwarf Wheat

An experiment in south-eastern Australia in 1971 examined the semi-dwarf wheat WW15 when grown with two rates of nitrogen fertilizer (nil, 112 kg N ha-1) and under four irrigation regimes. The irrigation regimes comprised natural rainfall only (293 mm), and 2, 3 or 7 flood irrigations, scheduled according to cumulative pan evaporation. Nitrogen fertilizer had little effect, but grain yield increased from 4.3 t ha-1 with no irrigation to 8.1 t ha-1 with 7 irrigations. Each increase in irrigation frequency produced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in grain yield. A greater individual grain weight contributed most to the yield difference between nil and 2 irrigations. More spikes m-2 contributed most to the yield increase with higher irrigation frequencies. Irrigations also increased plant height, dry matter, leaf area and the proportion of fertile shoots.

Ppd1, Vrn1, ALMT1 and Rht genes and their effects on grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
Ben Trevaskis ◽  
Neil Vallance ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Rht Genes ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Tolerance Gene

Allele-specific markers for important genes can improve the efficiency of plant breeding. Their value can be enhanced if effects of the alleles for important traits can be estimated in identifiable types of environment. Provided potential bias can be minimised, large, unbalanced, datasets from previous plant-breeding and agronomic research can be used. Reliable, allele-specific markers are now available for the phenology genes Ppd-D1, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1, the aluminium-tolerance gene TaALMT1, and the plant-stature genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1. We used a set of 208 experiments with growing-season rainfall of <347 mm from southern Australia to estimate the effects of seven frequent combinations of the phenology genes, an intolerant and a tolerant allele of TaALMT1, and two semi-dwarf combinations Rht-B1b + Rht-D1a (Rht-ba) and Rht-B1a + Rht-D1b (Rht-ab) on grain yield in lower rainfall, Mediterranean-type environments in southern Australia. There were 775 lines in our analyses and a relationship matrix was used to minimise bias. Differences among the phenology genes were small, but the spring allele Vrn-B1a might be desirable. The tolerant allele, TaALMT1-V, was advantageous in locations with alkaline soils, possibly because of toxic levels of aluminium ions in subsoils. The advantage of TaALMT1-V is likely to be highest when mean maximum temperatures in spring are high. Rht-ab (Rht2 semi-dwarf) was also advantageous in environments with high mean maximum temperatures in spring, suggesting that for these stress environments, the combination of Vrn-B1a plus TaALMT1-V plus Rht-ab should be desirable. Many successful cultivars carry this combination.

Seasonal Effects and Genotypic Responses for Grain Yield in Semi-dwarf Wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 1097-1101
Author(s):  
Mahboob Ali Sial . ◽  
M. Afzal Arain . ◽  
Mazhar H. Naqvi . ◽  
A.M. Soomro . ◽  
Sawan Laghari . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Dwarf Wheat

Effect of Sunflower Residues and Herbicide on Weed Suppression, Grain Yield and Economics of Transplanted Aman Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
SS Tanu ◽  
P Biswas ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
SC Samanta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Environmentally Sound

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Field Laboratory, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali from July 2018 to November 2018 to evaluate the effect of sunflower residues and herbicides on the yield and economic performance of transplanted Aman rice. Weed control methods tested were T1 = weedy check (Unweeded control), T2 = Weed-free check by hand weeding twice, T3 = Pendimethalin, T4 = Pretilachlor, T5 = Butachlor, T6 = Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, T7 = Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor, T8 = Bispyriback sodium, T9 = 2,4-D amine, T10 = MCPA, T11 = Sunflower residues, T12 = Sunflower residues + 100% Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, T13 = Sunflower residues + 75% Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, T14 = Sunflower residues + 50% Pyrazosulfuron ethyl. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. Weedy check registered significantly the highest total weed density (354.67 m-2) and total weed dry matter (51.81 g-2) while weed-free treatment by hand weeding twice recorded significantly the lowest total weed density (6.67 m-2) and total weed dry matter 0.49 g-2) . Weedy check produced the highest weed index (34.24%) and hand weeding produced the lowest. Among different herbicides applied alone, butachlor had the lowest total weed density (15 m-2) and total weed dry matter (6.43 g-2) after hand weeding. Hand weeding recorded the highest grain yield (5.14 t ha-1) which was statistically similar to pendimethalin, pretilachlor, butachlor, bensulfuron methyl + acetachlor and sunflower residues + 100% pyrazosulfuron ethyl. Higher grain yield was attributed to a higher number of panicle m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. The highest gross margin (22955 Tk. ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1.32) were obtained from butachlor. Integration of sunflower residues with pyrazosulfuron ethyl produced effective weed suppression and satisfactory yield comparable to butachlor. Although the integration is less profitable than butachlor the farmers can use this technology as a feasible and environmentally sound approach in transplanted Aman rice field. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(1): 47-58

Phosphorus fertilization in inbred and hybrid rice

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
MR Islam ◽  
PK Saha ◽  
SK Zaman ◽  
MJ Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Boro Rice

Five phosphorus rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kg P/ha) were tested with four rice genotypes in Boro (BRRI dhan36, BRRI dhan45, EH1 and EH2) and T. Aman (BRRI dhan30, BRRI dhan49, EH1 and EH2) season. Phosphorus rates did not influence grain yield irrespective of varieties in T. Aman season while in Boro season P response was observed among the P rates. Application of P @ 10 kg/ha significantly increased the grain yield. But when P was applied @ 20 and 30 kg P/ha, the grain yield difference was not significant. The optimum and economic rate of P for T. Aman was 20 kg P/ha but in Boro rice the optimum and economic doses of P were 22 and 30 kg/ha, respectively. Hybrid entries (EH1 and EH2) used P more efficiently than inbred varieties. A negative P balance was observed up to 10 kg P/ha. Key words: Response; Phosphorus fertilizer; Inbred; Hybrid rice DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8962 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 181-187

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