Process, Theory, and Practice in Direct Democracy: Avenues for New Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juvenal J. Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
New Research

scholarly journals Bad World: The Negativity Bias in International Politics

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic D.P. Johnson ◽  
Dominic Tierney
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Research

A major puzzle in international relations is why states privilege negative over positive information. States tend to inflate threats, exhibit loss aversion, and learn more from failures than from successes. Rationalist accounts fail to explain this phenomenon, because systematically overweighting bad over good may in fact undermine state interests. New research in psychology, however, offers an explanation. The “negativity bias” has emerged as a fundamental principle of the human mind, in which people's response to positive and negative information is asymmetric. Negative factors have greater effects than positive factors across a wide range of psychological phenomena, including cognition, motivation, emotion, information processing, decision-making, learning, and memory. Put simply, bad is stronger than good. Scholars have long pointed to the role of positive biases, such as overconfidence, in causing war, but negative biases are actually more pervasive and may represent a core explanation for patterns of conflict. Positive and negative dispositions apply in different contexts. People privilege negative information about the external environment and other actors, but positive information about themselves. The coexistence of biases can increase the potential for conflict. Decisionmakers simultaneously exaggerate the severity of threats and exhibit overconfidence about their capacity to deal with them. Overall, the negativity bias is a potent force in human judgment and decisionmaking, with important implications for international relations theory and practice.

Making children’s ‘agency’ visible: Towards the localisation of a concept in theory and practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Analytic Tool ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Children’S Agency ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
New Directions ◽  
New Research

The concept of ‘agency’ is regularly put forward as an analytic tool to help understand, evaluate and act upon places around the world, through social development policies and programmes ostensibly designed to support or increase children’s agency. This article reflects on empirical research into children’s agency spanning a range of international contexts over two decades and offers new insights through critical engagement with a growing body of work on the ‘localisation’ of social development and humanitarian responses in international settings. It suggests that the largely normative ways in which the concept of agency is invoked as an analytic tool for understanding human experience universally effectively renders children’s agency invisible to us. This is because it is more a description of a particular discourse than something which actually helps us to understand and make visible children’s socio-culturally grounded ‘agentic practice’ from place to place. This article argues for new directions in research and practice to localise agency that are critical to the central commitments of interpretive social science. These new directions include (a) a new research agenda which can go beyond children’s ‘own perspectives’ to the discovery, description and analysis of agency in socio-cultural terms, to ensure it can function as an analytic tool for learning about socio-cultural phenomena which help animate local concepts of agency; and (b) the development of agency-related policies and programmes that are grounded in such locally situated concepts of agency developed through understanding local socio-cultural systems rather than externally derived socio-cultural assumptions about childhood and children’s agency.

scholarly journals Evaluieren und Prüfen in DaF / DaZ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Grein ◽  
Ann-Katrin Fierus ◽  
Nina Jehle ◽  
Virginia Sánchez Anguix ◽  
Joshua Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Digital Learning ◽  
Inverted Classroom ◽  
General Didactics ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

Consistent evaluation is an important prerequisite for quality assurance and continuous further development in the area of DaF/DaZ. With a focus on virtual learning, this volume deals with the evaluation of the Inverted Classroom Model for the training of teachers of German as a foreign language and specifically with language learning apps. A second focus is on the evaluation of exams and tests. In addition to the medical language examination and the qualification tests of future teachers, the focus here is on examiner qualifications. The critical discussion will present suggestions for solutions as well as new research approaches. This volume does justice to the claim that theory and practice are closely intertwined. Christina Maria Ersch studied German and Scandinavian Studies in Göttingen and German as a foreign language in Mainz, where she is a research assistant. She has been teaching German as a foreign language for several years, is a certified telc examiner and conducts advanced training courses in neurodidactics and action-oriented learning. Her research interests are, among other things, in general didactics with a focus on competence-oriented, digital learning and in intercultural communication.

An Introduction to Dynamic Programming

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
Brian Gluss
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Research ◽  
General Mathematical Theory

Dynamic programming, a mathematical field that has grown up in the past few years, is recognized in the U.S.A. as an important new research tool. However, in other countries, little interest has as yet been taken in the subject, nor has much research been performed. The objective of this paper is to give an expository introduction to the field, and give an indication of the variety of actual and possible areas of application, including actuarial theory.In the last decade a large amount of research has been performed by a small body of mathematicians, most of them members of the staff of the RAND Corporation, in the field of multi-stage decision processes, and during this time the theory and practice of the art have experienced great advances. The leading force in these advances has been Richard Bellman, whose contributions to the subject, which he has entitledDynamic Programming[1], have had effects not only in immediate fields of application but also in general mathematical theory; for example, the calculus of variations (see chapter IX of [1]), and linear programming (chapter VI).

language teaching

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. i-i ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Timely Response ◽  
New Research ◽  
Teaching Learning

Phil Benson's state-of-the-art review of autonomy in L2 learning and teaching is a timely response to an ever-growing interest in autonomous language learning. Focusing his attention on the recent literature, he explores how this interest in autonomy is influencing theory and practice, leading to the emergence of new research agendas in the field. He focuses particularly on the ways in which conceptions of autonomy have evolved and continue to change, and how these new conceptions fit in with broader developments in language teaching and learning theory, educational practice, and social thought.This issue includes also a call for papers on Replication Research Studies, two features marking the publication of this fortieth volume of the journal, and reports on a series of research seminars.Richard Johnstone's article in which he reviews research published in 2004 and 2005 on language teaching, learning and policy is available online at <http://journals.cambridge.org/jidLTA&volumeId=39&issueId=04>.

scholarly journals Innovative linguistic ideas and concepts of Larysa Shevchenko

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Styshov ◽  
Dmytro Syzonov
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Political Linguistics ◽  
New Research

The article establishes innovative views on modern linguistics in systematic analysis of numerous works by prof. L.I. Shevchenko – a prominent Ukrainian linguist, head of the department of stylistics and language communication, a vice-chairman of the Ukrainian committee of Slavists, a member of two commissions of the International committee of Slavists (media linguistic and stylistic), chief editor of the international edition «Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice». The pre-anniversary article focuses on the scholar’s concept of intellectualization of the Ukrainian literary language, integration of the researcher’s works with European academic discourse, particularly, in the context of innovative linguistic directions – legal linguistics, media linguistics, business linguistics, political linguistics etc., the analysis of which is determined by exploratory vector of a modern linguist. The authors also mention the works of prof. L.I. Shevchenko’s mentees. More than 10 PhD and doctoral theses have been defended under the scholar’s supervision. Prof. L.I. Shevchenko holds a special place at Kyiv stylistic school, which is confirmed by the researcher’s numerous works that have qualitatively changed and deepened views on some issues of theoretical and functional stylistics. These are primarily theoretical problems of modern linguistics and the search for new research paradigms, the problems of stylistic differentiation of the Ukrainian literary language, the analysis of concepts of the theory of language intellectualization, modern view on idiostylistics, the issue of the national language status in contemporary social space, a profound analysis of Ukrainian linguistics in ideas, concepts and personalities. Productivity and polyphony of the researcher’s interests, her wide scientific outlook, encyclopedic knowledge, desire to be modern in the context of innovative views and ideas in world linguistics, fundamental role in formation of new research directions define a significant place of prof. L.I. Shevchenko in the XXI century linguistics.

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