Salmonellain breeding pigs: Shedding pattern, transmission of infection and the role of environmental contamination in Irish commercial farrow-to-finish herds

SUMMARYEnvironmental contamination has been shown to be an important aspect of the epidemiology of salmonellosis in calves. Markets and transport vehicles are important links in the calf marketing chain and these were investigated to determine the level of salmonella contamination.Salmonellas were isolated from 7 of the 14 markets surveyed, with 31 of 838 samples (3.7%) being positive. Nine different salmonella serotypes, of which the commonest was Salmonella typhimurium, were isolated. Four different phage types of S. typhimurium were detected, the commonest being DT204C.Salmonellas were isolated from 22 of the 107 vehicles (20.6%) examined before washing and from 4 of the 62 vehicles (6.5%) examined after cleaning. Twelve different salmonella serotypes were isolated, of which the most frequent was S. typhimurium. The commonest of the six different S. typhimurium phage types was DT204C.These results indicate that improved cleaning and disinfection routines both for vehicles and markets are necessary to control salmonellosis in calves.

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Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropodLittorina littorea: the role of metal-binding proteins

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400027314 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 585-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

W. J. Langston ◽

Mingjiang Zhou

Keyword(s):

Environmental Contamination ◽

Metal Binding ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

Cadmium Accumulation ◽

Littorina Littorea ◽

Marine Molluscs ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Toxicity Potential ◽

High Degree

Cadmium, and its compounds, has been placed on the blacklists of most international pollution conventions by virtue of its toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation and persistence (Taylor, 1983).The ability of many marine molluscs, and in particular gastropods, to accumulate Cd to a high degree in apparently unregulated fashion has led to their frequent use in monitoring programmes. Thus Cd levels in the winkle,Littorina littorea(L.) closely reflect gradients in environmental contamination (Bryanet al. 1983), demonstrating the excellent ‘indicator’ properties of this group.

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High prevalence of campylobacter excretors among Liberian children related to environmental conditions

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800067364 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 227-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Kåre Mølbak ◽

Niels Højlyng ◽

Knud Gaarslev

Keyword(s):

Environmental Contamination ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

High Intensity ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Pathogenic Role ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Very High

SUMMARYCampylobacter was the bacterial pathogen most prevalent in 850 children, aged 6–59 months, examined in a house-to-house diarrhoea survey in two Liberian communities. 44·9% of the children from an urban slum and 28·4% from a rural area were excretors. Since the prevalence of diarrhoea was very high and consequently many convalescent carriers were found, it was not possible to evaluate the pathogenic role of campylobacter.The excretor rate increased with ago and was significantly correlated to the uso of supplementary feeding, inversely correlated to the quality of the water supply, and also associated with helminthic infestation. Results from re-examination of 172 children suggested a high intensity of transmission.The findings all indicate the existence of a heavy environmental contamination with campylobacter, probably of both human and animal faecal origin.

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Exposure risk to carbonyl compounds and furfuryl alcohol through the consumption of sparkling wines

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180986 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Pelizza Peterle ◽

Karolina Cardoso Hernandes ◽

Luana Schmidt ◽

Júlia Barreto Hoffmann Maciel ◽

Claudia Alcaraz Zini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Contamination ◽

Carbonyl Compounds ◽

Furfuryl Alcohol ◽

Ethyl Carbamate ◽

The Other ◽

Exposure Risk ◽

Low Levels ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT: The goals of this study were to verify the occurrence of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde, acrolein, ethyl carbamate (EC), formaldehyde and furfural) in sparkling wines and to evaluate, for the first time, whether the consumption of the samples under study could represent risk to consumers health. These compounds are electrophilic; and therefore, may covalently bind to DNA, which may result in mutagenicity. EC and formaldehyde were present at low levels (<1μg L-1) in all samples. Acetaldehyde, furfural and acrolein were also found in low levels (<1.5, 1.4 and 1.0μg L-1, respectively) in 57, 71 and 76% of samples. In the other samples, levels of acetaldehyde, furfural and acrolein ranged from 5.2 to 54.8, 10.5 to 41.0 and 20.3 to 36.7μg L-1, respectively. Furfuryl alcohol was also reported in all samples in levels from 10.4 to 33.5μg L-1. Acrolein was the only compound reported at levels sufficient to represent risk to health, which occurred in 24% of the samples. A study focused on the origin of acrolein deserves attention, investigating the influence of the concentration of precursors and the role of fermentation in the formation of this aldehyde, besides the evaluation of possible environmental contamination of grapes during cultivation.

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Role of wild birds and environmental contamination in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection in an outdoor pig farm

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 227 ◽

pp. 148-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alessia De Lucia ◽

André Rabie ◽

Richard P. Smith ◽

Rob Davies ◽

Fabio Ostanello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Contamination ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Salmonella Infection ◽

Pig Farm

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Role of Environmental Contamination as a Risk Factor for Acquisition of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Patients Treated in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

Archives of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1001/archinte.163.16.1905 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 163 (16) ◽

pp. 1905 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

José A. Martínez ◽

Robin Ruthazer ◽

Karen Hansjosten ◽

Laurie Barefoot ◽

David R. Snydman

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Environmental Contamination ◽

Medical Intensive Care Unit ◽

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽

Medical Intensive Care ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

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Transmission ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in cattle is influenced by the level of environmental contamination

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814000867 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (2) ◽

pp. 274-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. GAUTAM ◽

M. KULOW ◽

D. PARK ◽

T. K. GONZALES ◽

J. DAHM ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Contamination ◽

Generalized Linear Model ◽

Environmental Samples ◽

Transmission Experiment ◽

Infection Transmission ◽

Transmission Rates ◽

Reproduction Numbers ◽

Unit Increase ◽

On Farm

SUMMARYA pen infection-transmission experiment was conducted to elucidate the role of pathogen strain and environmental contamination in transmission ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 (ECO157) in cattle. Five steers were inoculated with a three-strain mixture of ECO157 and joined with five susceptible steers in each of two experimental replicates. Faecal and environmental samples were monitored for ECO157 presence over 30 days. One ECO157 strain did not spread. Transmission rates for the other two strains were estimated using a generalized linear model developed based on a modified ‘Susceptible–Infectious–Susceptible’ mathematical model. Transmission rates estimated for the two strains (0·11 and 0·14) were similar. However, the rates significantly (P = 0·0006) increased 1·5 times for every 1-unit increase in the level of environmental contamination measured as log10c.f.u. Depending on the level of environmental contamination, the estimated basic reproduction numbers varied from <1 to 8. The findings indicate the importance of on-farm measures to reduce environmental contamination for ECO157 control in cattle that should be validated under field conditions.

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