OXIDATIVE TORREFACTION FOR PULVERIZED PALM BIOMASS USING AIR

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Aiman Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi Mohd Fuad ◽  
Mohd Faizal Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Combustion Properties

Torrefaction is one of the promising ways to utilize abundant amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) while upgrading the combustion properties of both types of palm biomass. However, the supply of costly inert gas during torrefaction process such as nitrogen in large industrial sector may not be economical. Therefore, in the present study, air is used instead of nitrogen for the torrefaction process. The EFB and PKS were torrefied separately in a 60 mm diameter and 300 mm length of horizontal tubular reactor under various temperatures of 150°C to 190°C and 210°C to 250°C, respectively for 30 minutes using air. The torrefaction with nitrogen was also performed for comparison purpose. At the respective maximum temperature, energy yields of the torrefied EFB for the case of oxidative (air) torrefaction and nitrogen torrefaction are around 95% and 88%, respectively while energy yields of PKS for the case of oxidative(air) and nitrogen torrefaction are around 69% and 83%, respectively due to the weight loss after removal of volatile matter during torrefaction process. Besides that, the calorific values are enhanced after being torrefied with air (mere 4% for EFB and 18% for PKS when the respective maximum temperature was used).

scholarly journals Experiment analysis on the characteristic of empty fruit bunch, palm kernel shell, coconut shell, and rice husk for biomass boiler fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 8300-8309
Author(s):  
SIVABALAN KANIAPAN ◽  
H. Suhaimi ◽  
Y. Hamdan ◽  
Jagadeesh Pasupuleti
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Boiler Fuel ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Biomass Boiler

It has been a necessary option for most developing countries moving towards renewable energy options as part of the Paris Agreement, which minimizes conventional energy sources’ reliance. In Malaysia, biomass is a profitable renewable option compared to solar and hydro sources for energy production due to the abundance of agricultural biomass availability for immediate use. However, most of the biomass power plants in Malaysia depend on empty fruit bunch as fuel, causing problems when there is a shortage of fuel supply and other circumstances. Variations in the fuels’ properties provide a new challenge to the power plant output; however, mixing biomass fuels can overcome the issue. Hence, this article aims to study the empty fruit bunch (EFB) with other abundant biomass fuels like “palm kernel shell (PKS),” “rice husk (RH),” and “coconut shell (CS)” for biomass boiler fuel. Therefore, the biomass’s composition and characteristics need to be known, which was done through the proximate analysis (PA), ultimate analysis (UA), and high heating value (HHV). As a result of PA, UA, and HHV, RH is the least favourable fuel due to lowest ((moisture (4.92%), volatile matter (63.20%), carbon (42.50%), hydrogen (5.42%), nitrogen (0.43%) and sulphur (0.01%)) and highest ash content (18.19%), whereas CS exhibits the most favourable option with highest (carbon (50.25%) and oxygen (42.57%)) and second highest in HHV (20.53%) compared with PKS. Thus, the experiments have provided the least and highest favourable feedstock ratios option for biomass boiler fuel application.

scholarly journals Empty fruit bunch (EFB) gasification in an entrained flow gasification system

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Wan Muhamad Syafiq Wan Ismail ◽  
Ruwaida Abdul Rasid
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Entrained Flow ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Entrained Flow Gasification

<p>Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700<sup>°</sup>C to 900<sup>°</sup>C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 – 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700<sup>°</sup>C to 900<sup>°</sup>C, the production of H<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C.</p><p>Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49</p>

scholarly journals Characteristics of calcined palm oil pastes for biosilica extraction as a function of calcination temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. A. S. Abdul Samat ◽  
U. Z. Kamarul Jaman ◽  
S. Saree ◽  
D. S. A. Mahmod ◽  
J. C. H. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Color Analysis ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Bet Analysis

Palm oil production in Malaysia has increased over the years. As the consequence of high production of palm oil, surplus quantities of palm oil biomass wastes such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), and oil palm decanter cake (DC) are generated. Generally, these wastes are used as fuel to generate steam for boilers, which end up as ash. As several agricultural wastes are well-known to be rich in silica content, this study aims to investigate the bio-silica content of EFB, PKS and DC and their characteristics when calcined at various calcination temperatures from 400°C to 800°C. Several analyses were conducted such as weight loss, color, BET, SEM and FTIR. The results have shown that all samples favorably exhibited silica at higher temperatures, i.e., 800°C. Color analysis depicted that combustible elements were mostly removed at 800°C, leaving non-combusted silica in the waste ash. Weight loss analysis presented that EFB achieved the highest weight loss at 99.05%, followed by PKS at 95.65% and DC at 83.95%. This led to a relatively high amount or purity of silica in the sample. BET analysis showed highest surface area, 20.087m2/g (PKS) and the lowest is 9.492m2/g (DC) at 800°C which verified the high porosity of samples for further absorption applications. The presence of silica was also significantly observed in 800°C FTIR spectra for all waste samples. Overall, it is concluded that EFB, PKS, and DC are highly potential wastes to contribute to the production of bio-silica, which thus can be an option to overcome waste disposal issues in palm oil industries.

scholarly journals Effect of Elaeis Guineensis Biomass Residues in the Production of Coal Pellets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
UCHE ONOCHIE ◽  
HENRY EGWARE ◽  
FRANCIS ONOROH
Keyword(s):  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Screw Press ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis ◽  
Palm Fibre

Abstract In this study, the effect of elaeis guineensis in the production of pellets from coal was investigated. Coal and elaeis guineensis were collected and pulverised. A locally fabricated screw press machine was used to produce three types of pellets in the same ratio (i.e. 80C:20R) while the fourth pellet is100% coal. These pellets are: coal palm kernel shell (CPKS), coal palm fibre (CPF), coal empty fruit bunch (CEFB) as well as raw coal (C). Thereafter, the pellets were sundried and characterised base on ASTM Standards. These include the calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. From the results, it was observed that the calorific value of CPKS, CPF, CEFB and C were 28033.38 kJ/kg, 27695.4 kJ/kg, 27687.5 kJ/kg and 22021.99 kJ/kg respectively. The sulphur content of the pellets is 0.7%, 0.71%, 0.73% and 0.76% respectively. The results revealed that the 100% coal pellet has the lowest percentage CV and the highest percentage sulphur and ash content. Essentially, this study has been able to established that elaeis guineensis residues is a good energy source for enhancing the calorific value of coal and also has the tendency of reducing the sulphur and ash contents of coal especially the PKS.

scholarly journals Thermogravimetric Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Kernel Shell: TG/DTG Analysis and Modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichet Ninduangdee ◽  
Vladimir I. Kuprianov ◽  
Eui Young Cha ◽  
Rujira Kaewrath ◽  
Pattrapon Youngyuen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Thermogravimetric Studies

scholarly journals Effect of Particle Size and Temperature on Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Khairunnisa Kamarul Zaman ◽  
Vekes Balasundram ◽  
Norazana Ibrahim ◽  
Mohammad Dinie Muhaimin Samsudin ◽  
Rafiziana Md. Kasmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Behaviour ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Biomass Particle Size

Pyrolysis is a viable solution to curb the issue of growing lignocellulosic waste in the world through conversion to potential biofuel and bio-based chemicals. This study focused on the effect of biomass particle size on the feedstock characterisation, biomass ash content, thermal behaviour and pyrolysis products yield. The particle size ranges studied were <0.355, 0.355 to 0.710. 0.710 to 1.00 and 1.00 to 2.00 mm. Thermal behaviour was analysed using thermogravimetric analyser, and pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed pyrolyzer. TGA results show smaller particle size maximum temperature shifted to a lower temperature. From ashing, the results indicated that ash content is the highest at the smallest particle size, <0.355mm (2.8 wt.%). The gaseous yield was the highest in dpA (<0.355 mm) at a temperature of 600°C. The highest pyrolysis oil yield (50.1 wt.%) occurred at 400°C from dpA (<0.355mm). The highest char yield (33.70 wt.%) occurred at 400°C obtained from the largest particle size, dpD (1-2mm).

Bio-Oil Production under Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 881-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Herng Chan ◽  
Suzana Yusup ◽  
Armando T. Quitain ◽  
Yoshimitsu Uemura
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Supercritical Conditions ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Oil Palm Biomass

Two types of Malaysian oil palm biomass; namely Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) are liquefied using sub-and supercritical water to produce bio-oil. Effects of temperatures (360, 390 and 450 °C) and pressures (25, 30 and 35 MPa) of the liquefaction of biomass on the bio-oil yields are investigated. The optimum liquefaction conditions for EFB and PKS using water are at supercritical conditions. PKS which consists of higher lignin content yields maximum bio-oil of about 41.3 wt % at temperature of 450 °C and the bio-oil yield from EFB is about 37.4 wt % at temperature of 390 °C.

scholarly journals Benefit Analysis and Regulatory Actions for Imported Palm Kernel Shell as an Environment-Friendly Energy Source in Taiwan

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

In response to the lack of locally natural sources and the environmental concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, using a wide variety of biomass residues as energy sources has attracted much attention in the past two decades. The purpose of the case study was to examine the energy use of imported palm kernel shell (PKS) in Taiwan, which has generated superheated steam for the end users in the industrial sector. In this work, characterizing the thermochemical properties of imported PKS (including proximate analysis, elemental analysis and calorific value) was first conducted by the standard test methods. Based on the statistics of imported PKS and the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the preliminary benefit analysis of PKS-to-energy was further addressed in the paper to verify its equivalent GHG emission mitigation. The results showed the annual benefit of equivalent GHG mitigation of about 78,647 metric tons (using annual imported PKS of 60,000 metric tons on an average). In addition, the economic benefit for purchasing PKS in the industrial boilers can gain the cost-down at approximately NT$60,000,000 (US$2,000,000) in comparison with that of fuel oil. Furthermore, the regulatory measures for upgrading PKS-to-energy and countermeasures for controlling air pollutant emissions from PKS-to-energy facilities were briefly summarized to create another circular economy. Finally, some technological recommendations have been addressed to upgrade the added values of imported PKS in Taiwan.

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