PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM PALM OIL USING COCKLE SHELL WASTE AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Sulaiha Sulaiman ◽  
Roshanida Abd Rahman ◽  
Nurul Saadiah Lani
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Cockle Shell

In this study, production of biodiesel from palm oil using cockle shell wastes as catalyst was carried out using transesterification reaction. The objectives of this study are to analyze and characterize calcium oxide (CaO) from cockle shell wastes and to determine the catalytic activity of derived shell catalyst towards the percentage yield of biodiesel produced. The effect of methanol to oil ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The types of esters content in biodiesel and the functional group presence in catalyst were determined using FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The results showed that the optimum condition for cockle shell wastes achieved maximum yield of biodiesel (78.05%) is at reaction temperature 50°C within 1 hour with 9:1 methanol to oil ratio. Meanwhile for commercial CaO, the maximum yield is 73.95% at 60°C within 3 hours for 3:1 methanol to oil ratio. From the result obtained, this indicated that cockle shell wastes have potential to substitute commercial CaO as catalyst in transesterification reaction. 

Hybrid Approach for Optimizing Process Parameters in Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 834 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Pongchanun Luangpaiboon ◽  
Pasura Aungkulanon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Influential Parameters

Biodiesel was synthesized from direct transesterification of palm oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. There is a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions for the transesterification process. These process parameters were optimized via the hybrid optimization approach of a conventional response surface method and artificial intelligence mechanisms from Sine Cosine and Thermal Exchange Optimization metaheuristics. The influential parameters and their combined interaction effects on the transesterification efficiency were established through a factorial designed experiments. In this study, the influential parameters being optimized to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel were reaction temperature of 60–150°C, reaction time of 1–6 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1 mol/mol and weight of catalyst of 1–10wt. %. On the first phase, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the reaction time as the most influential parameter on biodiesel production. Based on the experimental results from the hybrid algorithm via the SCO, it was concluded that the optimal biodiesel yield for the transesterification of palm oil were found to be 100°C for reaction temperature, 4 hours for reaction time, 10:1 wt/wt of ratio methanol to oil and 8% of weight of catalyst with 92.15% and 90.97% of biodiesel yield for expected and experimental values, respectively.

scholarly journals Effective synthesis of n-butyl salicylate over wash coated cordierite honeycomb by zirconia and its mixed oxides: a kinetic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
M Shyamsundar ◽  
SZM Shamshuddin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Butyl Ether

Cordierite honeycombs were coated with solid acid catalysts such as ZrO2 (Z), Mo(VI)/ZrO2 (MZ) and Pt-SO4 2-/ZrO2 (PSZ) were prepared and characterized for their physico-chemical properties. These catalytic materials were characterized for their total surface acidity, crystallinity, functionality, elemental analysis and morphology by using techniques such as NH3 -TPD, PXRD, FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM and TEM respectively. These honeycomb catalysts were used for the liquid phase transesterification reaction of methyl salicylate (MS) with n-butanol (n-BA). Optimization of reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalysts and molar ratio of the reactants were carried out to obtain maximum yield of transester (n-butyl salicylate). n-butyl salicylate is obtained as major product and di-butyl ether is obtained as minor product. Highest total transester 70 % obtained by MZ and 80 % n-butyl salicylate and 10 % selectivity of di-butyl ether obtained in the presence of 0.4 g of honeycomb coated catalysts at a molar ratio of MS: n-BA 2:1, reaction temperature 403 K and reaction time 4 h. The energy of activation (16.81 and 14.92 kJ mol-1) and temperature coefficient (1.36 and 1.12) values of the MZ and PSZ were obtained from the kinetic studies. Pre-adsorption studies showed that the transesterification reaction methyl salicylate with n-butyl alcohol over honeycomb catalysts follows Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. A reaction mechanism for transesterification is proposed based on the kinetic data. Reactivation and reusability studies of the honeycomb coated as well as powder form of catalysts up to 6 reaction cycles were also studied.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 63-76, 2018

scholarly journals Esterification of Crude Palm Oil Using H2SO4 and Transesterification Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Anadara granosa

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhayati Nurhayati ◽  
Sofia Anita ◽  
Tengku Ariful Amri ◽  
Amilia Linggawati
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
One Step ◽  
Esterification Reactions ◽  
Anadara Granosa

In this study biodiesel was produced from crude palm oil through two-step processes, namely esterification reactions using homogeneous H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification using the heterogeneous base CaO catalyst derived from Anadara granosa shell. Several parameters affecting to the yields of biodiesel were investigated including the amount of the catalysts, the molar ratios of oil to methanol, reaction times and reaction temperatures. The CaO catalyst was prepared by calcining the A. granosa shells at the temperatures of 800 and 900 °C for 10 h. The as-synthesized biodiesel was analyzed using GC and its characteristics were determined and the results were compared to Standard National for Biodiesel (SNI 04-7183-2006). The optimum condition for the esterification process (step 1) was as follows: reaction temperature of 65 °C, reaction time of 3 h and mol ratio of oil to methanol 1:24. For the transesterification (step 2) the optimum conditions were attained using the catalyst weight 3%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 3 h, mole ratio of oil/methanol 1:6 and the catalyst calcination time of 10 h with the conversion of 87.17%. This biodiesel yield by the two-step processes was higher (2.7%) than that using only one-step process (transesterification).

scholarly journals Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Betulinic Acid Amide in Organic Solvent by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Nurul Atikah Amin Yusof ◽  
Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir ◽  
Siti Efliza Ashari ◽  
Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi ◽  
Rossuriati Dol Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio

Optimization of the lipase catalyzed enzymatic synthesis of betulinic acid amide in the presence of immobilized lipase, Novozym 435 from Candida antartica as a biocatalyst was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) and 5-level-4-factor central-composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters, such as reaction time (20–36 h), reaction temperature (37–45 °C), substrate molar ratio of betulinic acid to butylamine (1:1–1:3), and enzyme amounts (80–120 mg) on the percentage yield of betulinic acid amide by direct amidation reaction. The optimum conditions for synthesis were: reaction time of 28 h 33 min, reaction temperature of 42.92 °C, substrate molar ratio of 1:2.21, and enzyme amount of 97.77 mg. The percentage yield of actual experimental values obtained 65.09% which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 67.23%. The obtained amide was characterized by GC, GCMS and 13C NMR. Betulinic acid amide (BAA) showed a better cytotoxicity compared to betulinic acid as the concentration inhibited 50% of the cell growth (IC50) against MDA-MB-231 cell line (IC50 < 30 µg/mL).

scholarly journals Catalytic Degradation of Chitosan by Supported Heteropoly Acids in Heterogeneous Systems

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Hang Zhang ◽  
Zhipeng Ma ◽  
Yunpeng Min ◽  
Huiru Wang ◽  
Ru Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
High Molecular Weight Chitosan

Several kinds of composite materials with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as the catalyst were prepared with activated carbon as support, and their structures were characterized. According to the Box–Behnken central combination principle, the mathematical model of the heterogeneous system is established. Based on the single-factor experiments, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the amount of hydrogen peroxide and the loading capacity of PTA were selected as the influencing factors to study the catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and degradation of high molecular weight chitosan. The results of IR showed that the catalyst had a Keggin structure. The results of the mercury intrusion test showed that the pore structure of the supported PTA catalyst did not change significantly, and with the increase of PTA loading, the porosity and pore volume decreased regularly, which indicated that PTA molecules had been absorbed and filled into the pore of activated carbon. The results of Response Surface Design (RSD) showed that the optimum reaction conditions of supported PTA catalysts for oxidative degradation of high molecular weight chitosan by hydrogen peroxide were as follows: reaction temperature was 70 ℃, reaction time was 3.0 h, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to chitosan was 2.4 and the catalyst loading was 30%. Under these conditions, the yield and molecular weight of water-soluble chitosan were 62.8% and 1290 Da, respectively. The supported PTA catalyst maintained high catalytic activity after three reuses, which indicated that the supported PTA catalyst had excellent catalytic activity and stable performance compared with the PTA catalyst.

scholarly journals Simple Protocol for the Knoevenagel Condensation Under Solvent Free Conditions using Tungstophosphoric Acid as Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 2181-2184
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman I. Alharthi
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Knoevenagel Condensation ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Tungstophosphoric Acid ◽  
Grinding Method ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Simple Protocol

The effect of calcination on the performance of tungstophosphoric acid for the product of Knoevenagel condensation was investigated. Substituted aldehydes and dimedone has been used in the presence of calcined tungstophosphoric acid as a heterogeneous catalyst using grinding method at room temperature. The results of reactions revealed that calcined tungstophosphoric acid has superior catalytic activity comparing to non-calcined catalyst in terms of yield and reaction time. Maximum yield of model compound was achieved by using 10 mol% of calcined catalyst in a reaction time that does not exceed 10 min, whereas the yield at same amount of non-calcined catalyst was 86 % in a reaction time of 35 min.

Synthesis of Diethyl Carbonate from Ethyl Carbamate and Ethanol with Acid as Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 1081-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Ye Qin ◽  
Biao Liu ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Wen Bo Zhao ◽  
Shui Sheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Diethyl Carbonate ◽  
Bronsted Acid ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Brönsted Acid ◽  
Pyrophosphoric Acid

The catalytic activity of many Lewis and Bronsted acid for the synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC) from ethyl carbamate (EC) and ethanol was evaluated in a bath reactor. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P7O2) which showed the best activity was selected to further investigate the effect of reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, catalyst dose and reaction time, on the yield of DEC. Under the optimal conditions, DEC yield can reach 29.1%.

Transesterification of Natural Lecithin Catalyzed by Isopropylamine

2014 ◽  
Vol 884-885 ◽  
pp. 603-606
Author(s):  
Hong Ya Li ◽  
Biao Yan ◽  
Xiao Li Zhang ◽  
Bin Xia Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Volume ◽  
Effective Catalyst ◽  
Total Reaction ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Content

The isopropylamine with low boiling point was used for preparing GPC from natural lecithin under mild conditions, it was confirmed as an effective catalyst and the recovery can be combined with the recovery of methanol by distillation. The mechanism of the transesterification reaction was proposed and the experiments obtained the better effect under the conditions of: catalyst content was 2.4% of the total reaction volume, lecithin concentration was 0.05-0.10mol L1 , reaction temperature was 60 °C and reaction time was 260 min.

Study on Bio-Fuels Drop Acid by [BSPy]HSO4 Catalytic Esterification

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2433-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Hua Zhang ◽  
Zhi Hong Xiao ◽  
Liang Bo Zhang ◽  
Ru Kuan Liu ◽  
Wu Hong Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Acid Esterification

Research on the synthesis of BrOnsted acidic ionic liquid by the method of solvent, the pyrolysis bio-fuel with cornus wisoniana oil drop acid esterification reaction, the catalyst dosage, reaction time and reaction temperature on the effects of the acid dropping and in the best optimization under the condition of the stability of the catalyst were investigated. The experimental results show that [BSPHSO4 with high catalytic activity, optimization of process conditions as follows: 1.2% of catalyst, reaction temperature 75 °C, reaction time of 70 min, acid value reduced to 2.0 mg KOH/g. By optimizing the cycle experiment, the stability of the catalyst performance is good, the catalytic activity is relatively stable.

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