scholarly journals A Two-Dimensional Approach to Three-Dimensional Framework Problems†

1943 ◽  
Vol s1-18 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-192
Author(s):  
H. Roxbee Cox
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Approach

Shifting perspectives: method, media and the complex image

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 100-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Colson ◽  
Ross Parry
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Cultural Resonance

This article argues that the analysis of a threedimensional image demanded a three-dimensional approach. The authors realise that discussions of images and image processing inveterately conceptualise representation as being flat, static, and finite. The authors recognise the need for a fresh acuteness to three-dimensionality as a meaningful – although problematic – element of visual sources. Two dramatically different examples are used to expose the shortcomings of an ingrained two-dimensional approach and to facilitate a demonstration of how modern (digital) techniques could sanction new historical/anthropological perspectives on subjects that have become all too familiar. Each example could not be more different in their temporal and geographical location, their cultural resonance, and their historiography. However, in both these visual spectacles meaning is polysemic. It is dependent upon the viewer's spatial relationship to the artifice as well as the spirito-intellectual viewer within the community. The authors postulate that the multi- faceted and multi-layered arrangement of meaning in a complex image could be assessed by working beyond the limitations of the two-dimensional methodological paradigm and by using methods and media that accommodated this type of interconnectivity and representation.

scholarly journals Definition and prevalence of severe and persistent mental illness

2000 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirella Ruggeri ◽  
Morven Leese ◽  
Graham Thornicroft ◽  
Giulia Bisoffi ◽  
Michele Tansella
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Persistent Mental Illness ◽  
Annual Prevalence ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Service Contact

BackgroundThere is little consistency in how severe mental illness (SMI) is defined in practice, and no operational definitions.AimsTo test two operationalised definitions, based on the National Institute of Mental Health (1987) definition: the first uses three criteria (diagnosis of psychosis; duration of service contact ≥ 2 years; GAF score ≤ 50), the second only the last two.MethodAnnual prevalence rates of SMI in two European catchment areas for each criterion and the criteria combined were calculated.ResultsThe first definition produced rates of 2.55 and 1.34/1000 in London and Verona, respectively; the second permitted an additional 0.98/1000 non-psychotic disorders to be included in Verona.ConclusionsThe three-dimensional definition selects a small group of patients with SMI who have psychotic disorders. The two-dimensional approach allows estimates of SMI prevalence rates which include all forms of mental disorder.

Cilia Microtubule Deformation: A Preliminary Report

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
R. Redding
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional

Various hypotheses for the mechanism of ciliar motility either purport or oppose the concept of microtubule contraction. Recent literature supporting the Sliding Microtubule Model has established that microtubule doublets move relative to one another during the process of bending. Satir (1968) concluded that there is no change of length in the doublets during bending of cilia. He based his conclusion upon: (1) circular relationships and (2) a two dimensional configuration of the microtubules. Accuracy of the circular relationships is dependent upon how close the approximation is to the true curvilinear relationship expressed by a ciliutn. Cross sectional rotation during bending may limit the validity of two dimensional analysis. This communication is a preliminary report on a new, three dimensional approach for determining the deformational characteristics of elongation or shortening of microtubules as they may be expressed in cilia.

Divided by a Common Language: Political Theory and the Concept of Power

Politics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Hay
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fundamental Concept ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Power is probably the most universal and fundamental concept of political analysis. It has been, and continues to be, the subject of extended and heated debate. In this article I critically review the contributions of Bachrach and Baratz, and Lukes to our understanding of the multiple faces of power. I suggest that although the former's two-dimensional approach to power is ultimately compromised by the residues of behaviouralism that it inherits from classic pluralism, the latter's three-dimensional view suggests a potential route out of this pluralist impasse. To seize the opportunity he provides, however, requires that we rethink the concept of power. In the second half of the paper I advance a definition of power as context-shaping and demonstrate how this helps us to disentangle the notions of power, responsibility and culpability that Lukes conflates. In so doing I suggest the we differentiate clearly between analytical questions concerning the identification of power within social and political contexts, and normative questions concerning the critique of the distribution and exercise of power thus identified.

Etude comparative de deux modèles mathématiques dans l'analyse de rejets thermiques à Gentilly

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Claude Marche ◽  
Luc Robillard
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Institute Of Technology

On August 8th 1974, infrared photographic data of the hot water plume at the Gentilly nuclear powerplant were obtained from an aerial survey of the St. Lawrence River. Important parameters such as the longitudinal decrease of temperature or lateral spread of the rejected water become available together with hydraulic and thermal ambient conditions.At first, a three-dimensional model, already developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was applied to the actual volume of water rejected and predicted a dilution rate much higher than the actual one. The use of a different geometric scheme has reduced the gap between predicted and actual values. The same scheme has been tried on a two-dimensional model. The two-dimensional approach is justified by consideration of the bottom topography.The discussion of results concerns: first, the establishment of an adequate geometric scheme and second, the error brought by the two-dimensional approach.

Comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics techniques for two straight-bladed vertical-axis wind turbines in inline arrangement

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Nazari ◽  
Mahdi Zamani ◽  
Sajad A Moshizi
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Shear Stress Transport Model ◽  
Dimensional Simulation

This study is dedicated to drawing a comparison between two- and three-dimensional approach capabilities for the simulation of two similar rotors placed in three inline (or tandem) arrangements. This arrangement is generally recognized as the worst-case scenario for the downwind rotor considering the vortices and disorders produced by the upwind rotor. The rotor in question with the diameter of 2.5 m is made up of three NACA0015 blades with the chord length and span size equal to 0.4 and 3 m, respectively. Based on the authors’ previous works, the [Formula: see text] shear stress transport model was selected for this comparative study. According to the results, there is an appreciable deviation in the aerodynamic performance of the upwind rotor predicted by the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation techniques. There is no tangible difference between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional results in terms of the averaged power output for the downwind rotor. However, the study of flow field employing different means like vortex structures, axial velocity, and even torque variation indicates that the two-dimensional approach is unable to achieve realistic and reliable output data. The introduced “pillar effect” regarding the dimensional limitations of the two-dimensional approach, which affects the vorticity shape and its dissipation, is plausible evidence for this discrepancy.

The displacement effect of a sphere in a two-dimensional shear flow

1956 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Shear Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pitot Tube ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vorticity Field ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Vortex Tubes

This paper contains a theoretical investigation of the displacement effect of a pitot tube in a shear flow. Viscosity is neglected throughout so that the vorticity field alone is considered.It is first shown that a two-dimensional approach does not produce a large enough displacement effect because it does not include the stretching of vortex tubes that takes place around a three-dimensional pitot tube. Then the three-dimensional problem is considered. A solution is obtained in the plane of symmetry for a sphere in a shear flow. This solution is found by making an assumption about the rate of stetching of vortex tubes perpendicular to the plane of symmetry and then considering the shear flow as a small perturbation of a uniform flow. A solution in the plane of symmetry is sufficient to obtain the displacement effect, which is found to be of the same order as the experimental result obtained by Young & Maas (1936) for a conventional pitot tube. The sphere may be considered to represent a conventional pitot tube (of slightly smaller diameter), so it is concluded that a large part of the displacement effect of a pitot tube may be accounted for without the inclusion of viscosity, i.e. by consideration of the vorticity field alone.To a first approximation, the vorticity in the plane of symmetry is found to depend only on the distance from the centre of the sphere.An outline of shear flows past some two-dimensional bodies is given in an appendix. The bodies considered are a circular cylinder and a two-dimensional ‘pitot-tube’ consisting of two parallel semi-infinite plates.

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