America’s Proxy War in Laos

Proxy War ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 125-156
Author(s):  
Tyrone L. Groh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
The North ◽  
Proxy War

This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Government to commit to counterinsurgency efforts against the communist Pathet Lao and therefore cultivated an indigenous proxy in the Hmong. International conditions did not support U.S. involvement at any level, yet the United States gained significant benefits from the arrangement with comparatively small costs. This case represents one of the rare instances when an intervening state supports a proxy that is essentially unaffiliated with the sitting government. Although the Hmong had already begun to band together to fight the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao, it was not until the United States got involved that the Hmong became an influential factor in the Laotian conflict.

India’s Proxy War in Sri Lanka

Proxy War ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Tyrone L. Groh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
The Government ◽  
War Policy

This chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE’s operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India’s support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India’s government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history’s most costly proxy war policy.

South Africa’s Proxy War in Angola

Proxy War ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 157-181
Author(s):  
Tyrone L. Groh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
African National Congress ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
National Congress ◽  
High Degree

This chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the tense civil war in Angola to protect itself from communist influence. Pretoria wanted to prevent the African National Congress from taking over South Africa by force and to minimize Soviet influence in the region. UNITA received relatively overt support, operated with a high degree of autonomy, and had highly divergent objectives. Although the international community rhetorically opposed South Africa’s involvement in Angola, the actions of the United States and Western Europe reflected a more tacit approval. Domestically, South Africa’s public was reluctantly supportive but only on the condition that the costs remain low. Considering that most states had already rhetorically condemned Pretoria’s government and its foreign policy in southern Africa, it is interesting that states failed to raise the international costs of South Africa’s indirect intervention in Angola.

Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Borja-Bravo ◽  
José Alberto García-Salazar ◽  
Rhonda K. Skaggs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
The North ◽  
North American Market ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fresh Tomato ◽  
The Impact

Borja-Bravo, M., García-Salazar, J. A. and Skaggs, R. K. 2013. Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 839–850. The North American market for fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) involves a complicated web of bilateral trading relationships between the United States, Mexico and Canada. Trade in fresh tomatoes between the three countries has changed significantly in recent years. In particular, Mexico's share of total US fresh tomato imports from all countries decreased from 93 to 88%, while Canada's share of US fresh tomato imports increased from 3 to 11% between 1996 and 2009. Mexico's declining competitive position in the US fresh tomato market is also evidenced by the fact that the Mexican share of combined Mexico–Canada exports to the United States decreased from 97% to 89% between 1996 and 2009. A spatial and inter-temporal model was used to analyze the impact of increased Mexican tomato yields on the North American fresh tomato market. Results indicate that for the average year between 2005 and 2008, 20% higher yields would have resulted in a 15.1% increase in Mexico's tomato production and a 28.9% increase in fresh tomato exports from Mexico to the United States. As a result of higher Mexican tomato sector productivity, Canadian and US producers’ shares of the US fresh tomato market would decrease and Mexico's would increase from 35.0 to 41.9%. The model shows that Mexico's share of US fresh tomato imports from both Mexico and Canada would grow from 88.1 to 90.3% as a result of the increased productivity. These results lead to the recommendation that increasing yields of this important export crop are key to maintaining and increasing the North American market competitiveness of Mexican-produced fresh tomatoes.

scholarly journals The experience of guestworkers at a United States tourist resort

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-228
Author(s):  
Guilherme Mansur Dias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis

This article examines temporary employment among foreign workers at the Okemo Mountain Resort, a tourist ski complex located in Vermont state in the north-eastern United States. I discuss the meanings associated with the international displacement of these workers, focusing especially on the ideas and imagery surrounding 'mobility', 'work,' 'travel' and 'youth.' By describing their experiences, along with the practices and discourses of the employer and the US State, the case study shows how Okemo's strategy of hiring a flexible foreign workforce is connected to the multiple meanings through which these groups represent their experience of temporary migration to the United States in the context of increasingly precarious labour relations. The ethnographic analysis proposed by the research provides a counterpoint to the 'macro-analytical' approach employed by most studies on the issue of foreign temporary work in the United States.

scholarly journals Conflito Interno e Transferência de Recursos nos Estados Unidos - mobilização e extração de recursos sob o governo Ronald Reagan (1981-1988) | Internal Conflict and Resource Distribution in the United States: Mobilization and resource extraction under Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Fornari Dall'Agnol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Strategic Defense Initiative ◽  
The North ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
The Military

Após a crise da década de 1970, as elites norte-americanas reorganizaram o modo pelo qual extraiam recursos da sociedade. Sob o neoconservadorismo, o Estado de bem-estar social foi desmantelado e recursos foram transferidos para o setor militar. O presente estudo problematiza a estratégia dessas elites que lograram êxito no referido processo. Para tal, conceitua-se o neoconservadorismo e mapeia-se os diferentes grupos de influência que compõem essa força política que, até os dias atuais, permanece decisiva no processo de tomada de decisão em política externa e segurança nos Estados Unidos. Posteriormente, faz-se uma análise do Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) do governo Ronald Reagan como estudo de caso revelador desse modo de extração de recursos. O presente artigo visa a mostrar como as elites neoconservadoras mobilizam a sociedade e seus principais grupos de interesse para triunfar em sua estratégia.ABSTRACTSince the 1970’s crisis, the north-american elites reorganized the way in which they extracted society’s resources. Under neoconservatism, the welfare state was dismantled and resources were transferred to the military. The present paper problematizes the strategy of those elites which were triumphant in the referred process. For that, neoconservatism is conceptualized and the different influence groups that compose this political force are mapped. Neoconservatism is, up to the present, a decisive force in the decision making process of foreign policy and security in the United States. In the sequence, the paper analyzes Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) as a revealing case study of this way of resource extracting. The present study aims at showing how the neoconservative elites mobilizes society and its main interest groups in order to succeed in their strategy. Palavras-chave: Estados Unidos; complexo industrial-militar; neoconservadorismo.Keywords: United States; military-industrial complex; neoconservatism.  Recebido em 23 de Janeiro de 2018 | Received on January 23, 2018Aceito em 18 de Julho de 2018 | Accepted on July 18, 2018DOI

Aligning Hare Krishna

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-58
Author(s):  
E. Burke Rochford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Frame Alignment ◽  
The North ◽  
Hare Krishna ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Communicative Processes

The underlying premise of this case study of the growth and development of the Hare Krishna movement is that frame alignment is a necessary, but largely unexplored, element in recruitment to religious movements. Attention is given here to the interactive and communicative processes used by ISKCON members in the United States as they strategically sought to align the practices, goals and beliefs of the movement with the unconventional interests and perspectives of recruits from the 1960s counterculture. The alignment processes described here represent attempts to gain the provisional interest of potential recruits. Whether successful or not, the alignment strategies helped define the Hare Krishna movement in America. As the counterculture declined in the mid-1970s, however, the leadership turned to a new constituent base of Hindu immigrants from India to secure the movement’s future. This required new forms of alignment that contributed to the Hinduization of the North American Hare Krishna movement.

Grassroots INGOs in Africa: Perspectives on What They Are (and Are Not?)

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402199167
Author(s):  
Susan Appe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
International Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
The North ◽  
Organizational Stories ◽  
Global North

This research explores philanthropic transfers and exchanges between and among the North and the South, namely, through grassroots international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), which tend to fall outside of the aid industry. The broad research question that frames this study is as follows: How do these organizations, grassroots INGOs in the global North and their partner organizations in the global South, represent and legitimize their work within the larger realm of development aid in Africa? The research conducts a comparative case study through the analysis of the narratives via organizational stories and artifacts produced and used by grassroots INGOs in the United States and partner organizations in Kenya. The findings show how grassroots INGOs distinguish themselves from what are the traditional images of global philanthropic exchanges and development aid, producing disassociative claims. The research derives a set of properties of grassroots INGOs to explain these perceived distinctions.

Gendered differences in emigration and mobility perspectives among European researchers working abroad

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Scheibelhofer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Highly Skilled

This paper focuses on gendered mobilities of highly skilled researchers working abroad. It is based on an empirical qualitative study that explored the mobility aspirations of Austrian scientists who were working in the United States at the time they were interviewed. Supported by a case study, the paper demonstrates how a qualitative research strategy including graphic drawings sketched by the interviewed persons can help us gain a better understanding of the gendered importance of social relations for the future mobility aspirations of scientists working abroad.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

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