Is There a Non-Zero Stable Component in the Eurozone’s External Balances?

Abstract Distilling industry is among the traditional sectors of the food industry. It is a significant producers of agricultural primary production and the most stable component of demand in the labour market. Among all the sectors of the food industry, however, it is subject to the greatest extent of the regulation of the business by state, when a crucial component of regulation is the legal regulation of the selection of the excise tax on alcohol. Given the considerable degree of regulation of excise taxes on alcoholic beverages by one of the secondary law of the EU, it is considered appropriate to assess the level of transposition of basic elements of excise tax on alcohol, as defined by literature, into the legal order of the Slovak Republic.

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Paleomagnetism of the Triassic Nikolai Greenstone, McCarthy Quadrangle, Alaska

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e77-223 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2578-2592 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

J. W. Hillhouse

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

High Temperature ◽

North America ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Upper Triassic ◽

Present Position ◽

Stable Component ◽

South Central ◽

Early Mesozoic ◽

Lamellar Texture

Paleomagnetic evidence indicates that the extensive early Mesozoic basalt field near McCarthy, south-central Alaska, originated far south of its present position relative to North America. Results obtained from the Middle and (or) Upper Triassic Nikolai Greenstone suggest that those basalts originated within 15° of the paleoequator. This position is at least 27° (3000 km) south of the Upper Triassic latitude predicted for McCarthy on the basis of paleomagnetic data from continental North America. The Nikolai pole, as determined from 50 flows sampled at 5 sites, is at 2.2° N, 146.1° E (α95 = 4.8°). The polarity of the pole is ambiguous, because the corresponding magnetic direction has a low inclination and a westerly declination. Therefore, the Nikolai may have originated near 15° N latitude or, alternatively, as far south as 15° S latitude. In addition to being displaced northward, the Nikolai block has been rotated roughly 90° about the vertical axis. A measure of the reliability of this pole is provided by favorable results from the following tests: (1) Within one stratigraphic section, normal and reversed directions from consecutive flows are antipolar. (2) Consistent directions were obtained from sites 30 km apart. (3) Application of the fold test indicated the magnetization was acquired before the rocks were folded. (4) The magnetizations of several pilot specimens are thermally stable up to 550 °C. The stable component is probably carried by magnetite with lamellar texture, a primary feature commonly acquired by a basalt at high temperature during initial cooling of the magma. Geologic and paleomagnetic evidence indicates that the Nikolai is allochthonous to Alaska and that, together with associated formations in southern Alaska and British Columbia, it is part of a now disrupted equatorial terrane.

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Groundwater N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors of nitrate-contaminated aquifers as derived from denitrification progress and N<sub>2</sub>O accumulation

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-5-1215-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1215-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

D. Weymann ◽

R. Well ◽

H. Flessa ◽

C. von der Heide ◽

M. Deurer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factor ◽

Noble Gas ◽

N2o Emission ◽

Emission Factors ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Northern Germany ◽

Stable Component ◽

Sand And Gravel ◽

First Time ◽

Ipcc Default

Abstract. We investigated the dynamics of denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulation in 4 nitrate (NO−3) contaminated denitrifying sand and gravel aquifers of northern Germany (Fuhrberg, Sulingen, Thülsfelde and Göttingen) to quantify their potential N2O emission and to evaluate existing concepts of N2O emission factors. Excess N2 – N2 produced by denitrification – was determined by using the argon (Ar) concentration in groundwater as a natural inert tracer, assuming that this noble gas functions as a stable component and does not change during denitrification. Furthermore, initial NO−3 concentrations (NO−3 that enters the groundwater) were derived from excess N2 and actual NO−3 concentrations in groundwater in order to determine potential indirect N2O emissions as a function of the N input. Median concentrations of N2O and excess N2 ranged from 3 to 89 μg N L−1 and from 3 to 10 mg N L−1, respectively. Reaction progress (RP) of denitrification was determined as the ratio between products (N2O-N + excess N2) and starting material (initial NO−3 concentration) of the process, characterizing the different stages of denitrification. N2O concentrations were lowest at RP close to 0 and RP close to 1 but relatively high at a RP between 0.2 and 0.6. For the first time, we report groundwater N2O emission factors consisting of the ratio between N2O-N and initial NO−3-N concentrations (EF1). In addition, we determined a groundwater emission factor (EF2) using a previous concept consisting of the ratio between N2O-N and actual NO−3-N concentrations. Depending on RP, EF(1) resulted in smaller values compared to EF(2), demonstrating (i) the relevance of NO−3 consumption and consequently (ii) the need to take initial NO−3-N concentrations into account. In general, both evaluated emission factors were highly variable within and among the aquifers. The site medians ranged between 0.00043–0.00438 for EF(1) and 0.00092–0.01801 for EF(2), respectively. For the aquifers of Fuhrberg and Sulingen, we found EF(1) median values which are close to the 2006 IPCC default value of 0.0025. In contrast, we determined significant lower EF values for the aquifers of Thülsfelde and Göttingen. Summing the results up, our study supports the substantial downward revision of the IPCC default EF5-g from 0.015 (1997) to 0.0025 (2006).

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Estimated rate of karst aquifer development by MRC analysis and flood hydrograph components at Guntur Springs, Gunungsewu Karst Area, Indonesia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020002007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 200 ◽

pp. 02007

Author(s):

Muhammad Naufal ◽

Tjahyo Nugroho Adji ◽

Ahmad Cahyadi ◽

Eko Haryono ◽

Margaretha Widyastuti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow System ◽

Karst Aquifer ◽

Flow Characteristics ◽

Karst Area ◽

Primary Input ◽

Stable Component ◽

Recession Curves ◽

Flood Hydrograph ◽

Aquifer Characteristics ◽

One Year

Understanding the stage of karst aquifer development (karstification) is of vital importance because this parameter can reflect the character of flow system release, from which relevant management patterns are derived. Master Recession Curve (MRC) construction is considered ideal for identifying at which stage karstification works because MRC relies on recession curves as its primary input. Recession curves are the most stable component of flow hydrographs in representing aquifer characteristics. The study focused on springs located in a karst hydrogeological subsystem, namely, Guntur Spring in the Panggang Hydrogeological Subsystem (Gunungsewu Karst Area). It was designed to determine (1) the flow characteristics and (2) the degree of karst aquifer development at Guntur Spring. It utilized a one-year flow hydrograph with a 30-minute logging interval as the main data. The flood hydrograph showed that a fissure system dominated the flow characteristics. Moreover, the MRC construction results indicated that the karstification level at Guntur Spring was 5.0, confirming the dominant fissure system and also signs of the recent development of conduit flows.

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Public Debt, Terms of Trade and Welfare: The Role of Capital Production Shares, External Balances, and Dynamic (In)efficiency

International Economic Journal ◽

10.1080/10168737.2012.687204 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 317-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Birgit Bednar-Friedl ◽

Karl Farmer

Keyword(s):

Public Debt ◽

Terms Of Trade ◽

External Balances

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Controlled Construction of Stable Network Structure Composed of Honeycomb-Shaped Microhydrogels

Life ◽

10.3390/life8040038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masayuki Hayakawa ◽

Satoshi Umeyama ◽

Ken Nagai ◽

Hiroaki Onoe ◽

Masahiro Takinoue

Keyword(s):

Cell Communication ◽

Model Systems ◽

Stable Component ◽

Photosensitive Polymer ◽

A Cell ◽

External Stimuli ◽

Structural Instabilities ◽

Insight Into ◽

Stable Network ◽

Microfluidic Technique

Recently, the construction of models for multicellular systems such as tissues has been attracting great interest. These model systems are expected to reproduce a cell communication network and provide insight into complicated functions in living systems./Such network structures have mainly been modelled using a droplet and a vesicle. However, in the droplet and vesicle network, there are difficulties attributed to structural instabilities due to external stimuli and perturbations. Thus, the fabrication of a network composed of a stable component such as hydrogel is desired. In this article, the construction of a stable network composed of honeycomb-shaped microhydrogels is described. We produced the microhydrogel network using a centrifugal microfluidic technique and a photosensitive polymer. In the network, densely packed honeycomb-shaped microhydrogels were observed. Additionally, we successfully controlled the degree of packing of microhydrogels in the network by changing the centrifugal force. We believe that our stable network will contribute to the study of cell communication in multicellular systems.

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