High Firing Temperature GT36 H-Class Low NOX Combustor Engine Validation and Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Granet ◽  
Patricia Sierra Sanchez ◽  
Alexis Cuquel ◽  
Philipp Guenster ◽  
Anders Wickstroem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Firing Temperature ◽  
High Firing Temperature ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Firing

High Firing Temperature GT36 H-Class Low NOx Combustor Engine Validation and Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Granet ◽  
P. Sierra Sanchez ◽  
A. Cuquel ◽  
P. Günster ◽  
A. Wickström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Load Range ◽  
High Firing Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
High Firing

Abstract In order to minimize the footprint of human activities on the environment, technologies to reduce greenhouse gases while meeting constantly growing electricity demands are critical. Amongst the various sources of energy production, Gas Turbines (GT) are an efficient way to stabilize the grid with regards to renewable sources like wind and solar energies. The demand for higher efficiency, higher power output while reducing emission levels (especially NO and NO2) at high loads, and for higher flexibility within the H-class Gas Turbine market is thereby a natural consequence. The development and validation of a two-stage sequential combustor, so-called Constant Pressure Sequential Combustion (CPSC) system, to achieve these goals has been accomplished by Ansaldo Energia. The CPSC consists of a premix burner system (First Stage) and of a sequential burner (SB) in series within a can combustor. At the 2017 and 2019 ASME conferences, high pressure test rig validation results of the CPSC were introduced. The advantages with regards to fuel flexibility, hydrogen combustion and low emissions at high firing temperature were presented [1,2,3,4,5]. This article focuses on the validation of the combustor performance in Ansaldo Energia’s Validation Power Plant located in Birr, Switzerland, which includes detailed validation from ignition to full speed no load, part load operation and full load over various ambient and engine thermal state conditions. To allow for detailed validation, dedicated fully instrumented combustor cans were installed in the GT. Detailed validated air distribution and emission models support the results obtained on the engine. Ignition and ramps up to full speed no load have been validated with large variations of the first combustor stage firing temperature to minimize power consumption and start-up time. The potential of the CPSC with regards to turndown capability, with minimum environmental load (MEL) below 25% GT load while keeping CO levels low has been confirmed. The MEL can be kept low over a wide range of ambient temperature and fuel compositions by adjusting the inlet temperature of the sequential burner. Low NOx values were achieved at baseload and peak firing temperature. The operational flexibility and stability of the premixed first stage combustor over the load range and over a large variation of combustor inlet plenum pressures was as well validated along with the operation concept of the gas turbine.

The Study on the Energy-Saving Technique of down Draft Kiln

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 1333-1337
Author(s):  
Yong Jie Liu ◽  
Jie Jing Sun ◽  
Qing Feng Meng ◽  
Min Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Waste Gas ◽  
Industrial Experiment ◽  
High Firing Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving Technique ◽  
High Firing

The down draft kiln which uses producer gas as fuel generates high-temperature waste gas, wasting a lot of energy and making it difficult to get high firing temperature. Based on the theory and experiences from practice, herein we propose a set of methods aiming at improving the energy efficiency of the kiln. The methods include: directly heating raw materials using the high-temperature waste gas from the kiln; changing the location of combustion chamber from the bottom to the top of the kiln; modifying other aspects (such as the numbers of kiln, the location of kiln and flue). The validity of these modifications was verified by an industrial experiment. It was demonstrated that with same size of kiln, the productivity of a kiln used for firing bauxite increased by more than 30% and the fuel consumption was reduced by more than 16%.

Research on Drying Sludge in Brick Making

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Fen Wang ◽  
Min Ji
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Metal Leaching ◽  
Municipal Sludge ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Heavy Metal Leaching ◽  
High Firing Temperature ◽  
Dried Sludge ◽  
Calorific Power ◽  
High Firing

Dried sludge could be used for brick production by firing with shale or clay, which would reduce clay resource exploitation and realize sludge resource utilization. Physical and mechanics parameters of fired shale-sludge brick and clay-sludge brick are tested to examine technical feasibility, and heavy metal leaching concentrations are tested to examine brick safety. The results show that after municipal sludge in Changsha Wastewater Treatment Plant is dried with water content no more than 30%, it can be used for shale-sludge brick and clay-sludge brick firing and qualified produces can be produced. Compressive strength of brick is 10-20 MPa, there is no scum and lime crack on brick body. Under high firing temperature, heavy metal in sludge can be solidified, and leaching concentrations can meet the requirements. By doing so, calorific power of sludge can be utilized and energy saving can be realized.

Firing Temperature Effect on 3D Microstructure and Performance of LSM-YSZ Composite SOFC Cathodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 2369-2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Scott Cronin ◽  
Kullachate Muangnapoh ◽  
Zach Patterson ◽  
Kyle Yakal-Kremski ◽  
Scott A. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
3D Microstructure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Microstructure And Performance

Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
H. M. Thieringer
Keyword(s):  
Objective Lens ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Ray Path ◽  
Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

Angular Resolved Electron Spectroscopy with Parallel Recording

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-371
Author(s):  
Huang Min ◽  
P.S. Flora ◽  
C.J. Harland ◽  
J.A. Venables
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Cylindrical Mirror ◽  
Inner Radius ◽  
Channel Plate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Type Detector

A cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been built with a parallel recording detection system. It is being used for angular resolved electron spectroscopy (ARES) within a SEM. The CMA has been optimised for imaging applications; the inner cylinder contains a magnetically focused and scanned, 30kV, SEM electron-optical column. The CMA has a large inner radius (50.8mm) and a large collection solid angle (Ω > 1sterad). An energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 1-2% has been achieved. The design and performance of the combination SEM/CMA instrument has been described previously and the CMA and detector system has been used for low voltage electron spectroscopy. Here we discuss the use of the CMA for ARES and present some preliminary results.The CMA has been designed for an axis-to-ring focus and uses an annular type detector. This detector consists of a channel-plate/YAG/mirror assembly which is optically coupled to either a photomultiplier for spectroscopy or a TV camera for parallel detection.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Trace nanoanalysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 940-941
Author(s):  
D. E. Newbury ◽  
R. D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trace Constituents ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

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