Design Study of Part-Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing—Part I: Aeroderivative Core

2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. A˚gren ◽  
M. O. J. Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Equipment Sizing ◽  
Temperature Levels

The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high-efficiency power cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The system presented also includes live steam production and superheating by heat from the hottest flue gas region. The humidifier only uses the lower temperature levels flue gas heat, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the aeroderivative Rolls Royce Trent as a gas turbine core. Part II of this two-part paper presents the results based on data for the industrial gas turbine ABB GTX100. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process datas as functions of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is also used and described, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Full flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 51.5% (simple cycle 41%). The efficiency increases when the humidification air flow is reduced, to reach a maximum of 52.9% when air flow to the humidification amounts to around 12% of the intake air to the compressor. At the same time, total heat exchanger area is reduced by 50% and humidifier volume by 36% compared to full flow humidification. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification.

Design Study of Part Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing: Part 1 — Aeroderivative Core

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas D. Ågren ◽  
Mats O. J. Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Equipment Sizing ◽  
Temperature Levels

The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high efficiency power cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The system presented also includes live steam production and superheating by heat from the hottest flue gas region. The humidifier only uses the lower temperature levels flue gas heat, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the aeroderivative Rolls Royce Trent as a gas turbine core. Part 2 of this 2-part paper presents the results based on data for the industrial gas turbine ABB GTX100. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process datas as functions of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is also used and described, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Full flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 51.5% (simple cycle 41%). The efficiency increases when the humidification air flow is reduced, to reach a maximum of 52.9% when air flow to the humidification amounts to around 12% of the intake air to the compressor. At the same time, total heat exchanger area is reduced by 50% and humidifier volume by 36% compared to full flow humidification. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification.

Design Study of Part-Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing—Part II: Industrial Core

2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. A˚gren ◽  
M. O. J. Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Calculation Results

This is Part II of a two-part paper and presents calculation results of a part-flow EvGT cycle based on gas turbine data for the ABB GTX100 (modified for intercooling). The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high-efficiency cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part-flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The presented system also includes live steam production and superheating, by heat from the hottest flue gas region, for injection. The humidifier then only uses the lower temperature levels, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the ABB GTX100.gas turbine in intercooled mode. Part I of this two-part paper presents the results based on data for the aeroderovative Rolls Royce Trent. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process data as function of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is used, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Paper I includes detailed description of the modeling. For the GTX100 system, full-flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 52.6% (simple cycle 36.2%). The efficiency is virtually unaffected if the air portion to humidification is cut to 60% of accessible compressor air (represents 48% of compressor intake). If 30% of air from the compressor after cooling bleed (24% of intake) is led to the humidifier, the efficiency is reduced to 52.2%. On the other hand is the total heat exchanger area reduced by 20% and column volume by 50%. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification. It is recommended to use 15–30% of compressor intake air. The exact economic optimum depends on local fuel prices, CO2 taxes, interest rates, etc.

Design Study of Part Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing: Part 2 — Industrial Core

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas D. Ågren ◽  
Mats O. J. Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Calculation Results

This is part two of a 2-part paper and presents calculation results of a part flow EvGT cycle based on gas turbine data for the ABB GTX100 (modified for intercooling). The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high efficiency cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The presented system also includes live steam production and superheating, by heat from the hottest flue gas region, for injection. The humidifier then only uses the lower temperature levels, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the ABB GTX100.gas turbine in intercooled mode. Part 1 of this 2-part paper presents the results based on data for the aeroderovative Rolls Royce Trent. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process data as function of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is used, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Paper 1 includes detailed description of the modelling. For the GTX100-system, full flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 52.6% (simple cycle 36.2%). The efficiency is virtually unaffected if the air portion to humidification is cut to 60% of accessible compressor air (represents 48% of compressor intake). If 30% of air from the compressor after cooling bleed (24% of intake)is led to the humidifier, the efficiency is reduced to 52.2%. On the other hand is the total heat exchanger area reduced by 20% and column volume by 50%. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification. It is recommended to use 15-30% of compressor intake air. The exact economic optimum depends on local fuel prices, CO2-taxes, interest rates et c.

First Experiments on an Evaporative Gas Turbine Pilot Power Plant: Water Circuit Chemistry and Humidification Evaluation

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas D. Ågren ◽  
Mats O. Westermark ◽  
Michael A. Bartlett ◽  
Torbjörn Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Current Contact ◽  
Alkali Compounds ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The evaporative gas turbine (EvGT), also known as the humid air turbine (HAT) cycle, is a novel advanced gas turbine cycle that has attracted considerable interest for the last decade. This high efficiency cycle shows the potential to be competitive with Diesel engines or combined cycles in small and intermediate scale plants for power production — and/or cogeneration. A 0.6 MW natural gas fired EvGT pilot plant has been constructed by a Swedish national research group in cooperation between universities and industry. The plant is located at the Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden. The pilot plant uses a humidification tower with metallic packing in which heated water from the flue gas economizer is brought into direct counter current contact with the pressurized air from the compressor. This gives an efficient heat recovery and thereby a thermodynamically sound cycle. As the hot sections in high temperature gas turbines are sensitive to particles and alkali compounds, water quality issues need to be carefully considered. As such, apart from evaluating the thermodynamic and part load performance characteristics of the plant, and verifying the operation of the high pressure humidifier, much attention is focused on the water chemistry issues associated with the recovery and reuse of condensate water from the flue gas. A water treatment system has been designed and integrated into the pilot plant. This paper presents the first water quality results from the plant. The experimental results show that the condensate contains low levels of alkali and calcium, around 2 mg/l Σ(K,Na,Ca), probably originating from the unfiltered compressor intake. About 14 mg/l NO2− + NO3− comes from condensate absorption of flue gas NOx. Some Cu is noted, 16 mg/l, which originates from copper corrosion of the condenser tubes. After CO2-stripping, condensate filtration and a mixed bed ion exchanger, the condensate is of suitable quality for reuse as humidification water. The need for large quantities of demineralized water has by many authors been identified as a drawback for the evaporative cycle. However, by cooling the humid flue gas, the recovery of condensed water cuts the need of water feed. A self supporting water circuit can be achieved, with no need for any net addition of water to the system. In the pilot plant, this was achieved by cooling the flue gas to around 35°C.

An Evaluation of Steam Injected Combustion Turbine Systems

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Brown ◽  
A. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Simple Cycle ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Turbine Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine Plant ◽  
Distillate Fuel

Performance and economic evaluation results are presented for steam injected combustion turbine systems. The steam injected gas turbine plant shows a potential for low capital cost and high efficiency for sites where water consumption is not a deterrent. Steam produced in a heat recovery steam generator is injected into the gas turbine combustor section to the extent of 0.155 pounds steam per pound of air flow. Water consumption is estimated to be 2.5 pounds per kWh (1.13 kg/hWh). When burning distillate fuel at 2200°F (1204°C), the potential efficiency is 40 percent as compared to 38 percent for a simple cycle gas turbine, and the specific output per pound of air flow is increased by 30 percent. The estimated capital cost per kilowatt is 3 percent greater than that for the simple cycle gas turbine.

Experimental Study on a Packed Bed Humidifier in an Evaporative Gas Turbine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnosh Dalili ◽  
Mats Westermark
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Transfer Unit ◽  
Exhaust Heat

This paper examines the performance of gas turbine cycles operating with a mixture of air and water vapor. Special attention is paid to the humidification tower, where the water vapor is added to the air. The experiments in this study have been carried out in the first evaporative gas turbine pilot plant located at Lund Institute of Technology in the southern part of Sweden. This pilot plant is based on a Volvo VT600 gas turbine with a design load of 600 kW. The compressor pressure is just above 8 bars and the intake air-flow is 3.4 kg/s. Roughly 70 percent of the compressed air is humidified in the humidification tower, which is the only humidifying device. The tower diameter is 0.7 m and the total flexible packing height is 0.9 m of a stainless steel structured packing with a specific surface area of 240 m2/m3. The number of mass transfer units in the humidifier was experimentally determined to about 3 for a packing height of 0.45 m. The height of a transfer unit from the literature data for the packing is predicted to be 0.24 m. With a packing height of 0.45 m, only about 2 transfer units are expected from the packing. However, the droplet zones above and below the packing contribute about 1 transfer unit. Thus, it is concluded that the mass transfer performance of the packing is adequately predicted by literature data. Equations are provided to adjust the height of a transfer unit for other pressures and temperatures. For full-scale plants operating at higher pressures and temperatures it is suggested that the high quality exhaust heat, (temperatures above the boiling point) is recovered in a boiler and injected as steam. The remaining part of the exhaust heat, (temperatures below the boiling point) is used to produce hot water for a relatively small humidification tower using only a portion of the compressed air flow.

Flue Gas Turbine Fault Analysis and Improvement Measures

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 2477-2480
Author(s):  
Hui Cao ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Chang Ji Lin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fault Analysis ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
High Failure Rate ◽  
Improvement Measures ◽  
Power Effect

The flue gas turbine discussed in this article have relatively backward pneumatic design, low operating efficiency, as well as problems of vibration, catalyst accumulation and fouling etc. It cannot realize better generating power effect because of short running cycle, high failure rate, and low recovery of heat and pressure energy generated of high temperature flue gas. To solve the above problems, this article proposes failure analysis. Flue gas turbine problems appear for the main reasons: the steam of the regeneration standpipe reach the regenerator, lead to catalyst breaking and give rise to a large number of catalyst fines, which causes the third cyclone separator blocked and the flue gas turbine fouled. Then, repair the leakage point of regeneration standpipe, maintain smooth operation,and transform leaf type of flue gas turbine. The flue gas turbine restored power generation status after overhaul. achieve the purpose of high efficiency and long-term stable operation.

Thermoeconomic Optimization of the Part-Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mortaza Yari
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle

The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high-efficiency power cycle that has reached the pilot plant testing stage. The latest configuration proposed for this cycle is known as part flow evaporative gas turbine cycle (PEvGT) in which humidification is combined with steam injection. Having advantages of both steam injected and humid air cycles, it is regarded as a very desirable plant for future. The aim of this work is to investigate the economic performance of the PEvGT cycles: PEvGT and PEvGT-IC (Intercooled PEvGT cycle), based on the thermoeconomic analysis. The results are presented and the influence of the several parameters is discussed: pressure ratio, part-flow humidification rate and the cycle configuration. Also the thermoeconomic optimization of the cycles have been done and discussed.

Exergetic Analysis of the Part-Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mortaza Yari ◽  
Kazem Sarabchi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Testing Stage ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle

The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high-efficiency power cycle that has reached the pilot plant testing stage. The latest configuration proposed for this cycle is known as part flow evaporative gas turbine cycle (PEvGT) in which humidification is combined with steam injection. Having advantages of both steam injected and humid air cycles, it is regarded as a very desirable plant for future. A mathematical model of the PEvGT cycle was presented in the previous work (Yari and Sarabchi, 2004), in order to do the analysis of the cycles. In this work the exergy equations have been added to the mathematical model. The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of the PEvGT cycles: PEvGT and PEvGT-IC (Intercooled PEvGT cycle), based on the exergy analysis. The results are presented and the influence of the several parameters is discussed: pressure ratio, part-flow humidification rate and the cycle configuration. Also the optimum cycle configuration has been selected from the exergetic point of view.

First Experiments on an Evaporative Gas Turbine Pilot Power Plant: Water Circuit Chemistry and Humidification Evaluation

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. A˚gren ◽  
M. O. Westermark ◽  
M. A. Bartlett ◽  
T. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Current Contact ◽  
Alkali Compounds ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The evaporative gas turbine (EvGT), also known as the humid air turbine (HAT) cycle, is a novel advanced gas turbine cycle that has attracted considerable interest for the last decade. This high-efficiency cycle shows the potential to be competitive with Diesel engines or combined cycles in small and intermediate scale plants for power production and/or cogeneration. A 0.6 MW natural gas-fired EvGT pilot plant has been constructed by a Swedish national research group in cooperation between universities and industry. The plant is located at the Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden. The pilot plant uses a humidification tower with metallic packing in which heated water from the flue gas economizer is brought into direct counter current contact with the pressurized air from the compressor. This gives an efficient heat recovery and thereby a thermodynamically sound cycle. As the hot sections in high-temperature gas turbines are sensitive to particles and alkali compounds, water quality issues need to be carefully considered. As such, apart from evaluating the thermodynamic and part-load performance characteristics of the plant, and verifying the operation of the high-pressure humidifier, much attention is focused on the water chemistry issues associated with the recovery and reuse of condensate water from the flue gas. A water treatment system has been designed and integrated into the pilot plant. This paper presents the first water quality results from the plant. The experimental results show that the condensate contains low levels of alkali and calcium, around 2 mg/l Σ(K,Na,Ca), probably originating from the unfiltered compressor intake. About 14 mg/l NO2−+NO3− comes from condensate absorption of flue gas NOx. Some Cu is noted, 16 mg/l, which originates from copper corrosion of the condenser tubes. After CO2 stripping, condensate filtration and a mixed bed ion exchanger, the condensate is of suitable quality for reuse as humidification water. The need for large quantities of demineralized water has by many authors been identified as a drawback for the evaporative cycle. However, by cooling the humid flue gas, the recovery of condensed water cuts the need of water feed. A self-supporting water circuit can be achieved, with no need for any net addition of water to the system. In the pilot plant, this was achieved by cooling the flue gas to around 35°C.

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