scholarly journals The Road Not Yet Taken

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (04) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Frank Kreith ◽  
Ron West
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
Near Term ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Supply Analysis

This article discusses need for diversification in America’s energy supply. Analysis shows that there is no currently available pathway to produce hydrogen, store it, transport it as an energy carrier, and use it to generate heat or electricity as efficiently as using the heat or electric power from the primary energy source directly. Unconventional supplies of oil also won’t provide relief any time soon. The vast oil-shale deposits in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming have long been hailed as a future energy source. According to researchers, hybrid electric vehicles like the ones on the road today are twice as fuel efficient as the current average vehicle. However, the near-term reduction in fuel consumption of hybrid vehicles has been overstated. There are companies, such as Hybrid Prius Inc. and CalCars, which claim PHEV30s can achieve 100 mpg. Also important is that plug-in hybrid vehicle technology provides utilities with a new and sustainable market for off-peak electric power. This is to improve the performance of electrical storage in batteries or ultracapacitors, and it is important to develop technologies that can capture and store carbon dioxide.

Research on Fuel Economy of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1435-1439
Author(s):  
Teng Teng Li ◽  
Kong Jian Qin ◽  
Jun Hua Gao ◽  
Feng Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
The Road ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
On The Road

On the road, fuel meter and electric power meter were employed to measure fuel consumption and electricity consumption of two parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Corrected methods recommended by SAE J2711 and GB/T 19754 respectively were used to modify fuel consumption of two vehicles through electricity consumption; According to the result, how total quality and Air-Condition (AC) load affect fuel economy were analyzed. Test results showed that, When K was less than 1%, relative error from calculation results of fuel consumption per 100 km obtained by above two methods was within 0.7%; Compared with AC off condition, fuel consumption per 100 km of PHEVs under AC on condition increased by more than 42%, which caused bad fuel economy, the effect of fuel-saving was decreased by 10% or more accordingly.

The Road to Commercialization of Vapor-Phase-Grown Diamond

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Shikata
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Phase Growth ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
Near Term ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Growth Technology

Considering all materials, diamond has many superior properties such as elastic constant (hardness), thermal conductivity, transparency to optical visible light and x-rays, a wide-bandgap semiconductor, and negative electron affinity. These properties lead to various applications in many industries. Because of the recent successful development of vapor-phase-growth technology, large-area diamond is available at a low manufacturing cost. However the commercialization of diamond at this stage is limited to tools, speaker diaphragms, heatsinks, and optical windows. For each application, diamond utilization is limited.In this article, three avenues on the road to commercialization of vapor-phase-grown diamond will be discussed. The categories appear in Table I with the properties of diamond and its applications. First, applications already commercialized are briefly reviewed, and the requirements for expanding their market are discussed. Second, the technologies and applications coming in the near term are introduced. Last, future candidate applications for diamond are introduced along with technical obstacles to be overcome.

scholarly journals Monetary Health Co-benefits and GHG Emissions Reduction Benefits: Contribution from Private on-the-road Transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Liang Liou ◽  
Pei-Ing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
On The Road

This is the first study to provide a systematic monetary benefit matrix, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction benefits and air pollution reduction health co-benefits, for a change in on-the-road transport to low-carbon types. The benefit transfer method is employed to estimate the social cost of carbon and the health co-benefits via impact pathway analysis in Taiwan. Specifically, the total emissions reduction benefits from changing all internal combustion vehicles to either hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or electric vehicles would generate an average of US$760 million from GHG emissions reduction and US$2,091 million from health co-benefits based on air pollution reduction, for a total benefit of US$2,851 million annually. For a change from combustion scooters to light- or heavy-duty electric scooters, the average GHG emissions reduction benefits would be US$96.02 million, and the health co-benefits from air pollution reduction would be US$1,008.83 million, for total benefits of US$1,104.85 million annually.

Design and Experimental Validation of a Virtual Vehicle Control Concept for Testing Hybrid Vehicles Using a Hydrostatic Dynamometer

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhekang Du ◽  
Perry Y. Li ◽  
Kai Loon Cheong ◽  
Thomas R. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hydraulic Hybrid ◽  
Virtual Vehicle ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
And Control

An approach to control a hydrostatic dynamometer for the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testing of hybrid vehicles has been developed and experimentally tested. The hydrostatic dynamometer used, which is capable of regeneration, was specifically designed and built in-house to evaluate the fuel economy and control strategy of a hydraulic hybrid vehicle. The control challenge comes from the inertia of the dynamometer being only 3% of that of the actual vehicle so that the dynamometer must apply, in addition to any drag torques, acceleration/deceleration torques related to the difference in inertias. To avoid estimating the acceleration which would be a non-causal operation, a virtual vehicle concept is introduced. The virtual vehicle model generates a reference speed profile which represents the behavior of the actual vehicle if driven on the road. The dynamometer control problem becomes one of enabling the actual vehicle-dyno shaft to track the speed of the virtual vehicle, instead of directly applying a desired torque. A feedback/feedforward controller was designed based upon an experimentally validated dynamic model of the dynamometer. The approach was successfully tested on a power-split hydraulic hybrid vehicle with acceptable speed and torque tracking performance.

Metal-CO2 Batteries on the Road: CO2 from Contamination Gas to Energy Source

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (15) ◽  
pp. 1605891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Xie ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Zhang Zhang ◽  
Zhen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

scholarly journals Underload on the Road: Measuring Vigilance Decrements During Partially Automated Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas McWilliams ◽  
Nathan Ward
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
On The Road

Partially automated vehicle technology is increasingly common on-road. While this technology can provide safety benefits to drivers, it also introduces new concerns about driver attention. In particular, during partially automated driving (PAD), drivers are expected to stay vigilant so they can readily respond to important events in their environment. However, using partially automated vehicles on the highway places drivers in monotonous situations and requires them to do very little. This can place the driver in a state of cognitive underload in which they experience a very small amount of cognitive demand. In this situation, drivers can exhibit vigilance decrements which impact their ability to respond to on-road threats. This is of particular concern in situations when the partially automated vehicle fails to respond to a potentially critical situation and leaves all responsibility to safely navigate to the driver. This paper reviews situations that lead to vigilance decrements and characterizes the different methodologies of measuring driver vigilance during PAD, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Based on our reading of the literature, we summarize several factors future research on vigilance decrements in PAD should consider.

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