scholarly journals Elevating the Pressure and Temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
David L. Berger
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Thermal Transients ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Differential Thermal Expansion ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Very High

This article discusses the modernization of the rules of Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to better accommodate the challenges of increasing temperature. At very high pressures and high temperatures, the current Section I rules require components to be comparatively thick, but making things thicker is not always better. In thick components, temperature gradients and consequent differential thermal expansion produce large secondary stresses. When pressure and temperature drive a component’s thickness to be very large compared to the size of the component, it can compromise that component’s ability to endure thermal transients that occur in service. One of the biggest challenges in addressing elevated temperature service is understanding creep and fatigue interaction and developing appropriate design rules to manage that. Another challenge is that corrosion mechanisms change with increasing temperature. The push to higher temperatures will spawn development of new materials to meet all the design goals. The BPVI standards committee on Power Boilers will also need to evaluate whether some of the construction details traditionally used will be appropriate at higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Gaseous combustion at high pressures. —Part X. The co-volume corrections, maximum temperatures and dissociation of steam and carbon dioxide in explosions

1928 ◽  
Vol 119 (782) ◽  
pp. 464-480
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Systematic Survey ◽  
Explosion Method ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Very High

During the researches upon high-pressure explosions of carbonic oxide-air, hydrogen-air, etc., mixtures, which have been described in the previous papers of this series, a mass of data has been accumulated relating to the influence of density and temperature upon the internal energy of gases and the dissociation of steam and carbon dioxide. Some time ago, at Prof. Bone’s request, the author undertook a systematic survey of the data in question, and the present paper summarises some of the principal results thereof, which it is hoped will throw light upon problems interesting alike to chemists, physicists and internal-combustion engineers. The explosion method affords the only means known at present of determining the internal energies of gases at very high temperatures, and it has been used for this purpose for upwards of 50 years. Although by no means without difficulties, arising from uncertainties of some of the assumptions upon which it is based, yet, for want of a better, its results have been generally accepted as being at least provisionally valuable. Amongst the more recent investigations which have attracted attention in this connection should be mentioned those of Pier, Bjerrum, Siegel and Fenning, all of whom worked at low or medium pressures.

Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. H371-H383 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Kontos ◽  
E. P. Wei ◽  
R. M. Navari ◽  
J. E. Levasseur ◽  
W. I. Rosenblum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Range ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Pial Arteries ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Acute Hypotension ◽  
Very High

The responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to changes in arterial blood pressure were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Vessel responses were found to be size dependent. Between mean arterial pressures of 110 and 160 mmHg autoregulatory adjustments in caliber, e.g., constriction when the pressure rose and dilation when the pressure decreased, occurred only in vessels larger than 200 micron in diameter. Small arterioles, less than 100 micron in diameter, dilated only at pressures equal to or less than 90 mmHg; below 70 mmHg their dilation exceeded that of the larger vessels. When pressure rose to 170- 200 mmHg, small vessels dilated while the larger vessels remained constricted. At very high pressures (greater than 200 mmHg) forced dilation was frequently irreversible and was accompanied by loss of responsiveness to hypocapnia. Measurement of the pressure differences across various segments of the cerebral vascular bed showed that the larger surface cerebral vessels, extending from the circle of Willis to pial arteries 200 micron in diameter, were primarily responsible for the adjustments in flow over most of the pressure range.

Stresses in Oil Lubricated Bearings

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ibrahim ◽  
H. Mccallion
Keyword(s):  
Thrust Bearing ◽  
Journal Bearing ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Rigid Surface ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Bearing Ring ◽  
Difference Analogue ◽  
Differential Thermal Expansion

Stresses in a bimetal strip of white metal bonded to steel, to simulate a journal bearing shell or a thrust bearing ring, have been calculated for various loading conditions. The stresses arose from: fluid pressure loading on the bearing surface whilst the back was supported on a complete rigid surface; locating and holding forces, e.g. compression due to nipping-up the bearing; elastic deformation of the bearing housing; differential thermal expansion and temperature gradients, and incomplete support of the bearing shell when subjected to fluid pressure on its bearing surface. Points at which fatigue damage is likely to originate are apparent. The stresses were calculated numerically from displacements which were found, by an iterative method, to satisfy a finite difference analogue of the governing differential equations.

scholarly journals Numerical simulations of non-spherical bubble collapse

2009 ◽  
Vol 629 ◽  
pp. 231-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC JOHNSEN ◽  
TIM COLONIUS
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Dynamics ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Water Hammer ◽  
Incident Shock ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Shock Propagation ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Very High

A high-order accurate shock- and interface-capturing scheme is used to simulate the collapse of a gas bubble in water. In order to better understand the damage caused by collapsing bubbles, the dynamics of the shock-induced and Rayleigh collapse of a bubble near a planar rigid surface and in a free field are analysed. Collapse times, bubble displacements, interfacial velocities and surface pressures are quantified as a function of the pressure ratio driving the collapse and of the initial bubble stand-off distance from the wall; these quantities are compared to the available theory and experiments and show good agreement with the data for both the bubble dynamics and the propagation of the shock emitted upon the collapse. Non-spherical collapse involves the formation of a re-entrant jet directed towards the wall or in the direction of propagation of the incoming shock. In shock-induced collapse, very high jet velocities can be achieved, and the finite time for shock propagation through the bubble may be non-negligible compared to the collapse time for the pressure ratios of interest. Several types of shock waves are generated during the collapse, including precursor and water-hammer shocks that arise from the re-entrant jet formation and its impact upon the distal side of the bubble, respectively. The water-hammer shock can generate very high pressures on the wall, far exceeding those from the incident shock. The potential damage to the neighbouring surface is quantified by measuring the wall pressure. The range of stand-off distances and the surface area for which amplification of the incident shock due to bubble collapse occurs is determined.

scholarly journals Ignition delay time measurements and modeling for gasoline at very high pressures

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 4885-4892 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Davidson ◽  
J.K. Shao ◽  
R. Choudhary ◽  
M. Mehl ◽  
N. Obrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Ignition Delay Time ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Very High

Microstructural Characterization of High-Pressure Oxidized Si1-x Gex /Si Heterolayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. David Theodore ◽  
Gordon Tam
Keyword(s):  
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Pure Silicon ◽  
Device Structures ◽  
Microstructural Behavior ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTSiGe alloys have recently been of interest for fabrication of heterojunction bipolar transistors using pre-existing or modified silicon-processing technology. These devices are faster than devices using pure silicon. Because of the interest in developing SiGe device structures, various elements of processing relevant to fabrication of the devices are being investigated. One such element has been the use of thermal oxidation for isolation of SiGe devices. Utilization of the technique requires an understanding of oxidation behavior of SiGe layers under a variety of oxidation conditions. Past studies in the literature have investigated the oxidation of SiGe at atmospheric pressure or at very high pressures (∼650–1300 atmospheres). The present study investigates the wet-oxidation of SiGe structures at intermediate pressures (∼25 atmospheres) and temperatures (∼750°C). Unlike atmospheric oxidation, most of the Ge (from SiGe) remains in the oxidized silicon (SiO2) in the form of GeO2. Occasional segregation of Ge to the oxidizing interface is noted. The microstructural behavior of partially and entirely oxidized structures is presented.

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