scholarly journals Teaching Undergraduate Courses on Robotics and Control in Prison

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (09) ◽  
pp. S11-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bretl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
White Males ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

There is growing public consensus that the system of mass incarceration in the United States needs reform. More than 2.2 million residents (0.73%) of the United States were held in state or federal prisons or in local jails at the end of year 2010 [1]. This incarceration rate is the highest in the world, and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities: 4.35% of black males were held in custody compared to 0.68% of white males in 2010.

scholarly journals Use of Digital Technology to Enhance Tuberculosis Control: Scoping Review

10.2196/15727 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. e15727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Lee ◽  
Mario C Raviglione ◽  
Antoine Flahault
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Adherence ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Services ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, with around 1.5 million deaths reported in 2018, and is a major contributor to suffering worldwide, with an estimated 10 million new cases every year. In the context of the World Health Organization’s End TB strategy and the quest for digital innovations, there is a need to understand what is happening around the world regarding research into the use of digital technology for better TB care and control. Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the state of research on the use of digital technology to enhance TB care and control. This study provides an overview of publications covering this subject and answers 3 main questions: (1) to what extent has the issue been addressed in the scientific literature between January 2016 and March 2019, (2) which countries have been investing in research in this field, and (3) what digital technologies were used? Methods A Web-based search was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science. Studies that describe the use of digital technology with specific reference to keywords such as TB, digital health, eHealth, and mHealth were included. Data from selected studies were synthesized into 4 functions using narrative and graphical methods. Such digital health interventions were categorized based on 2 classifications, one by function and the other by targeted user. Results A total of 145 relevant studies were identified out of the 1005 published between January 2016 and March 2019. Overall, 72.4% (105/145) of the research focused on patient care and 20.7% (30/145) on surveillance and monitoring. Other programmatic functions 4.8% (7/145) and electronic learning 2.1% (3/145) were less frequently studied. Most digital health technologies used for patient care included primarily diagnostic 59.4% (63/106) and treatment adherence tools 40.6% (43/106). On the basis of the second type of classification, 107 studies targeted health care providers (107/145, 73.8%), 20 studies targeted clients (20/145, 13.8%), 17 dealt with data services (17/145, 11.7%), and 1 study was on the health system or resource management. The first authors’ affiliations were mainly from 3 countries: the United States (30/145 studies, 20.7%), China (20/145 studies, 13.8%), and India (17/145 studies, 11.7%). The researchers from the United States conducted their research both domestically and abroad, whereas researchers from China and India conducted all studies domestically. Conclusions The majority of research conducted between January 2016 and March 2019 on digital interventions for TB focused on diagnostic tools and treatment adherence technologies, such as video-observed therapy and SMS. Only a few studies addressed interventions for data services and health system or resource management.

scholarly journals Swine Dysentery

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Burrough
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
The World ◽  
Industry Consolidation ◽  
And Control

Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.

Smart Decarceration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Pettus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
The World

After a period of mass incarceration that spanned the 1970s through the 2010s, the United States remains the leading incarcerator in the world. Incarceration rates in the United States outpace those of other countries by several hundred per 100,000. Incarceration rates began to decline slightly in 2009, when there was a loss of fiscal, political, and moral will for mass incarceration policy and practices. First, the onset of smart decarceration approaches, the historical context from which smart decarceration stems, and the societal momentum that led to the conceptualization of smart decarceration are described. Smart decarceration is a lead strategy in social work that has been adopted by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare as one of the 12 Grand Challenges for Social Work for the decade 2015–2025. Finally, an overview of the current status of smart decarceration and details shifts and initiatives to pursue at the intersection of social work and smart decarceration is provided.

Carceral protectionism and the perpetually (in)vulnerable

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-550
Author(s):  
SM Rodriguez ◽  
Liat Ben-Moshe ◽  
H Rakes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Transformative Justice ◽  
State Agents ◽  
And Control

The United States relies on carceralism—mass incarceration and institutionalization, surveillance and control—for its continued operation. The criminalization of difference, particularly in relation to race, disability and queerness, renders certain people as perpetually subject to state violence due to their perceived unruliness. This article relies on two case studies, in Toledo, Ohio and Brooklyn, New York to question the construction and co-optation of vulnerability by state agents and focus on interrelated instances of state violence done under the guise of protectionism of and from unruly subjects. We then discuss the response to these instances of violence- from the state in the form of carceral ableism and sanism, and from local activists trying to navigate the shifting contours of protectionist violence by enacting queer transformative justice.

“Leaving the world better than we saw it:” Imperatives for general and special educators

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Festus E. Obiakor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Special Educators ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
National Origin ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe United States and our world have been witnessing tremendous changes at socio-economic, political, and educational levels. Some of these changes have been fantastic and some have been depressing. For example, many of our fellow citizens are still enduring discriminations, victimizations, prejudices, and inaccurate expectations because of their race, skin color, language, national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and values, to mention a few. These are evidenced in recent marches, protests, and agitations led by the “Black Lives Matter” movement to tackle increased police harassments, brutalities, shootings, and killings of Blacks, especially Black males. There are apparent disruptions, anxieties, frustrations, and deliberations about the kind of world that we are living in and the kind of world that we are leaving behind for our future generations. The critical questions are, Are we really “leaving the world better than we saw it?” What can general and special educators do to “leave the world better than they saw it?” This article responds to these questions.

scholarly journals Tough Topic, Necessary Reading: Finding Books for Children with Incarcerated Parents

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Schlafer ◽  
Alyssa Scrignoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incarcerated Parents ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Children

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and it is estimated that about 53 percent of men and 61 percent of women in the US prison population are parents of minor children.As the number of people incarcerated in US prisons and jails grows, so too does the number of children affected by their parents’ absence. Recent estimates suggest that more than 2.7 million US children now have a parent in prison or jail.

Toward Refining the Criminology of Mass Incarceration: Group-Based Trajectories of U.S. States, 1977–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
American States ◽  
Trajectory Models

The development of mass incarceration in the United States has occurred unevenly across American states. Prior time series, fixed effect, and case study research have failed to fully illuminate the determinants of incarceration rate change in states with varying patterns of growth. As a supplement to previously utilized approaches, the present research uses group-based trajectory modeling to consider patterns of incarceration rate growth across 48 U.S. states in relation to crime, political, structural, and institutional variables. In order to account for periodicity, group-based trajectory models of state incarceration rates are estimated separately for 1977–1990, 1990–2000, and 2000–2010. Findings suggest that political and economic factors vary in their relationships to incarceration growth over time and that, controlling for crime, the percentage of young Black males in state populations was the most consistent predictor of incarceration rate growth, particularly among high incarcerating states from 2000 to 2010. The implications of these findings for “the criminology of mass incarceration” are considered.

Politics of Vision in the Carceral State: Legibility and Looking in Hostile Territory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
Freedom Struggle ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multiple Discourses

As we begin to think about the United States as a carceral state, this means that the scale of incarceration practices have grown so great within it that they have a determining effect on the shape of the the society as a whole. In addition to the budgets, routines, and technologies used is the culture of that carceral state, where relationships form between elements of its culture and its politics. In terms of its visual culture, that relationship forms a visuality, a culture and politics of vision that both reflects the state’s carceral qualities and, in turn, helps to structure and organize the society in a carceral manner. Images, architecture, light, presentation and camouflage, surveillance, and the play of sight between groups of people and the world are all materials through which the ideas of a society are worked out, its politics played out, its technology implemented, its rationality or common sense and identities forming. They also shape the politics of freedom and control, where what might be a free, privileged expression to one person could be a dangerous exposure to another, where invisibility or inscrutability may be a resource. In this article, these questions are asked in relation to the history of prison architecture, from premodern times to the present, while considering the multiple discourses that overlap throughout that history: war, enslavement, civil punishment, and freedom struggle, but also a discourse of agency, where subordinated peoples can or cannot resist, or remain hostile to or in difference from the control placed upon them.

Mass Incarceration in the United States: From Punishment to Public Health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Recidivism Rate ◽  
Mass Imprisonment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right

Mass imprisonment in the United States is an epidemic that has spread across five generations affecting millions of individuals, their families, and hundreds of communities. The United States imprisons more people than any other nation in the world—with over 2 million behind bars and another 5 to 7 million under community supervision on parole and probation. With 5% of the world’s population, the United States has 25% of all the world’s prisoners. This U.S. system imposes many punitive policies, holding more of its citizens in isolation and solitary confinement than all the other prisons of the world combined and imposing the highest rates of life sentences of any nation. This public health analysis of mass incarceration in the United States (first proposed in Ernest Drucker’s 2011 book, A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America) must therefore also address the high rates of prisoner reentry that accompany it—with over 600,000 U.S. prisoners reentering society each year—with the highest recidivism rate of any nation. This population is disproportionally poor and members of America’s large minority populations (African Americans and Latinos). The public health model provides a new tool for ending the American epidemic of mass imprisonment and, of equal importance, healing those who have survived its blows. This stage of the American story of mass incarceration is covered in Drucker’s 2018 book, Decarcerating America: From Mass Punishment to Public Health. But releasing people from prisons is not enough—the taint of punishment has a long-lasting and debilitating effect on the millions who return from prison to their home communities—facing social stigma and the many restrictions placed upon them as part of the conditions of parole—including limits of their access to public education, healthcare, and housing—as well as convicted felons’ loss of the right to vote. The United States badly needs a paradigm shift that replaces these impediments to successful reentry after prison, creating instead a positive place and normal life for this population in the outside world.

scholarly journals Taxing Consumption and Other Sins

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R Hines
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Payroll Taxes ◽  
Consumption Taxation ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
Consumption Taxes

Federal and state governments in the United States use income and payroll taxes as their primary tools to collect revenue. Relative to the United States, governments in the rest of the world rely much more heavily on taxing consumption. Heavy American reliance on income rather than consumption taxation has not served the U.S. economy well. The inefficiency associated with taxing the return to capital means that the tax system reduces investment in the United States and distorts intertemporal consumption by Americans. While the economic logic of consumption taxation is compelling even for a closed economy, it is even more powerful for an open economy exposed to the world capital market. Consumption taxes in the form of excises can be designed to help protect the environment and control other externalities. Excise taxes can also serve the function of more closely aligning tax burdens with the benefits that taxpayers receive from certain government services. Understandable concerns arise about the distributional consequences of consumption taxation, but a system that relies heavily on consumption taxes, particularly if accompanied by an income tax, can be as progressive as any income tax the United States would realistically want to adopt.

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