Toward Refining the Criminology of Mass Incarceration: Group-Based Trajectories of U.S. States, 1977–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
American States ◽  
Trajectory Models

The development of mass incarceration in the United States has occurred unevenly across American states. Prior time series, fixed effect, and case study research have failed to fully illuminate the determinants of incarceration rate change in states with varying patterns of growth. As a supplement to previously utilized approaches, the present research uses group-based trajectory modeling to consider patterns of incarceration rate growth across 48 U.S. states in relation to crime, political, structural, and institutional variables. In order to account for periodicity, group-based trajectory models of state incarceration rates are estimated separately for 1977–1990, 1990–2000, and 2000–2010. Findings suggest that political and economic factors vary in their relationships to incarceration growth over time and that, controlling for crime, the percentage of young Black males in state populations was the most consistent predictor of incarceration rate growth, particularly among high incarcerating states from 2000 to 2010. The implications of these findings for “the criminology of mass incarceration” are considered.

scholarly journals Teaching Undergraduate Courses on Robotics and Control in Prison

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (09) ◽  
pp. S11-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bretl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
White Males ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

There is growing public consensus that the system of mass incarceration in the United States needs reform. More than 2.2 million residents (0.73%) of the United States were held in state or federal prisons or in local jails at the end of year 2010 [1]. This incarceration rate is the highest in the world, and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities: 4.35% of black males were held in custody compared to 0.68% of white males in 2010.

Local Labor Market Inequality in the Age of Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
pp. 003464462096602
Author(s):  
Luke Petach ◽  
Anita Alves Pena
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Level Data ◽  
White Poverty

We contend that the rise of mass incarceration in the United States can be framed through the lens of stratification economics, which views race- and class-based discrimination as a rational attempt on behalf of privileged groups to preserve their relative status and the material benefits which that status confers. Using the first (to our knowledge) local-level data set on incarceration rates by race, we explore the relationship between income inequality, poverty, and incarceration at the commuting zone level from 1950 to the present. Consistent with Michelle Alexander’s hypothesis that expansion of the penal system and the rise of “tough on crime” policy were efforts by privileged groups to drive a wedge into working-class political coalitions formed out of the Civil Rights Movement, we find that labor markets with greater inequality experienced larger increases in the overall incarceration rate. Furthermore, we find that relative rates of poverty play a key role in explaining differential effects of mass incarceration across race. Areas where White poverty rates were large relative to non-White poverty rates experienced no significant change in White incarceration, but an expansion of non-White incarceration. These findings have implications for policies related to economic and judicial systems.

scholarly journals The Role of Freighter Aircraft in a Full-Service Network Airline Air Freight Services: The Case of Qantas Freight

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Baxter ◽  
Panarat Srisaeng ◽  
Graham Wild
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Cargo ◽  
Service Network ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Schedule Period ◽  
Northern Winter

<p>The dedicated all-cargo aircraft market is vital to the global economy. Freighter aircraft now carry around 56 per cent of world air cargo traffic. Using an in-depth case study research design, this study examined the Qantas Freight Boeing B747-400 and B767-300 freighter aircraft route network design during the 2017/2018 Northern Winter Flight schedule period, which was in effect from the 29th October 2017 to March 24th, 2018. The qualitative data were examined by document analysis. The study found that Qantas Freight deploy their leased B747-400 freighter aircraft on a route network that originates in Sydney and incorporates key markets in Thailand and China with major markets in the United States. The Boeing B767-300 freighter aircraft operated 5 services per week on a Sydney/Auckland/Christchurch/Sydney routing as a well as a weekly Sydney/Hong Kong/Sydney service. The Boeing B747-400 freighter services could generate 114,755,020 available freight tonne kilometres (AFTKs) over the schedule period. The Boeing B767-300 freighter aircraft could generate 46,974,1440 AFTKs. The Qantas Freight route network and freighter fleet is underpinned by Australia’s liberalized freighter aircraft policy, the “Open Skies” agreement between Australia and China – which permits the onward carriage of cargo traffic across the trans-Pacific – and the liberalized “open skies” agreement with New Zealand.</p>

scholarly journals Society Survival in Areas Prone to Landslides in the Village of North Tandikek Patamuan Sub-District, Padang Pariaman District

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Al Fajri Yusra ◽  
Erianjoni Erianjoni
Keyword(s):  
Case Study Research ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Structural Theory ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Research Types ◽  
The Village ◽  
Selection Of

This research is motivated to find out the survival of the Society survival in areas prone to landslides In The Village Of North TandikekPatamuan Sub-District, Padang Pariaman District. Research location in the village of North Tandikek. This research uses qualitative approaches with case study research types, data collection techniques by observation, interviews and documentation.The selection of informant is done by Purposive Sampling. The Analysis of this research uses functional structural theory by Talcott Parsoons AGIL. The results of the research are that (1). The reasons for society to stay in the research site are: a). Environmental Factors, b) Economic Factors, c) Social Cultural Factors, d) Education Factors. (2). Society strategies for survival in landslide prone areas that is: a). Looking for a safe haven b). Greening empty land c). Mutual Cooperatin

Archives and Inference: Documentary Evidence in Case Study Research and the Debate over U.S. Entry into World War II

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-126
Author(s):  
Christopher Darnton
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Source Selection ◽  
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Did Franklin Delano Roosevelt escalate confliict with Japan and Germany before Pearl Harbor, or did he attempt to avoid war? To what extent did U.S. public opinion influence these decisions? And, crucially, how do we know? Scholars offer diametrically opposed analyses of this historical case, bearing directly on international relations theories regarding the effects of democracy on war and foreign policy. In this debate and the broader security studies field, scholars increasingly employ published and archival primary sources. Because researchers lack a clear template for descriptive and causal inference with documentary evidence, though, such work is indeterminate and ultimately unpersuasive. How can political scientists approach archives and primary documents more effectively and efficiently? Above all, case studies need stronger research designs and clearer source selection strategies, not just more authoritative documents. A critical review of the sources cited in recent scholarship in the debate leading to the United States' entry into World War II, and a replication analysis of a key portion of the documentary record, underscores this need for improved research design and buttresses eight guidelines for the selection and analysis of textual evidence in case study research.

Waste-to-Energy Project Economics and Financing: A Look Into the Factors Influencing the Future

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Clunie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on significant changes in the overall economics of waste-to-energy (WTE) during the last 30 years. The WTE industry in this country has seen several different business cycles occur since 1975, as different market drivers have caused the industry to rise and fall. This paper compares: (1) those economic factors that were in play in 1975, when the first WTE facility in the United States was built, and the industry was in its infancy; (2) the factors at play when the WTE industry was at its height in 1990; and (3) some of the factors that caused the industry’s steep downward trend since 1994, when the last greenfield WTE facility in the United States was built. The paper will identify changes that have occurred with regard to the pricing of electricity and the ability of public sectors to charge non-market-based tipping fees. The paper discusses the drivers of 2006 and focuses on completed economic factors to be considered when comparing WTE with other waste disposal means. The paper discusses the drivers of 2006 and whether the industry is finally poised to begin an upward turn in the cycle. The paper focuses on the impact of the cost of diesel fuel oil on the overall economics of long-haul transfer, and how that is likely to impact the future development of WTE facilities. The paper also presents a case study of a recent analysis that was undertaken for two counties that were evaluating the financial viability of WTE as compared to other disposal options.

Introduction

Jailcare ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Sufrin
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Health Care Inequalities

This introductory chapter provides a snapshot of maternal care in jails and how it reveals two deeply entrenched crises in U.S. society: mass incarceration and health care inequalities. Jail and the broader system of incarceration, referred to as the “carceral system,” have become an integral part of U.S. society's social and medical safety net. The chapter illustrates a historical trajectory that is peculiar to the United States and that represents one of its greatest tragedies, defined by the whittling away of public services for the poor, coupled with an escalation in the number of jails and prisons serving as sites for the care of that same population. Statistics on the disproportionate number of incarcerated women and people of color are also discussed. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of jailcare conditions in San Francisco's jail, which serves as the case study for this volume.

Landscape Design in Clear Zone: Effect of Landscape Variables on Pedestrian Health and Driver Safety

2003 ◽  
Vol 1851 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Rosenblatt Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
Driver Safety ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Study Research ◽  
The Impact

The relationship between landscape installations and safety or pedestrian activity was evaluated in pilot studies. The sites selected for study were those adjacent to or within the areas often referred to as the “clear zone” of the transportation corridor, an area shared by pedestrians and driver perception. Case study research on the impact of environmental mitigation on driver safety is summarized to identify the landscape installations in the clear zone that appear to have an effect on safety. This is followed by case study research on the identification of variables that encourage walking for health purposes. Preliminary findings indicate that the improved definition of spatial edge resulting from typical curbside and median landscape treatment in the clear zone appears to solicit positive behavioral responses by either attracting pedestrian activity or improving driver safety. It is not possible to draw definitive conclusions from the results because of the small sample sizes in the pilot studies (a pedestrian survey included 52 responses), but indications are that the landscape in the clear zone may be having a positive impact on safety or pedestrian activity under certain circumstances. Both pilot studies were conducted separately in Canada and the United States.

scholarly journals Issues, Threats, and Institutions: Explaining Oas Responses to Democratic Dilemmas in Latin America

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Arceneaux ◽  
David Pion-Berlin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organization Of American States ◽  
American States ◽  
Clear And Present Danger ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOver time, the Organization of American States has become institutionally and normatively more capable of defending democracy in the region. Yet the OAS is as selective in its interventions on behalf of democratic promotion today as it was in the early 1990s. To explain this puzzle, this study disaggregates democratic dilemmas according to issue areas, threats, and contingencies. It finds that the OAS responds more forcefully when the problem presents a clear and present danger both to the offending state and to other members. As threats become weaker or more ambiguous, the OAS tends to act more timidly, unless domestic constituencies cry out for its assistance or the United States puts its full weight behind the effort. Case study capsules provide empirical evidence to illustrate these arguments.

scholarly journals International Law and Humanitarian Intervention in the Syrian Civil War: The Role of the United States

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402091953
Author(s):  
Oluwaseyi Emmanuel Ogunnowo ◽  
Felix Chidozie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Syrian Conflict

This article interrogates the legality of American interventions in the Syrian conflict. The Syrian civil war stands as one of the most controversial conflicts of the 21st century, owing to the mass destruction of lives and properties and the multiplicity of interventions which have created numerous strands of the conflict. The United States as one of the intervening powers has shown support for the rebel forces geared at toppling the Assad government. The research adopts the qualitative method and utilizes the case study research design. The research makes use of secondary data as derived from academic journals, books, book chapters, newspapers, and so on and analyzes these data through the use of thematic analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the interventions of the United States are not legal. The study also finds that the United States possesses certain strategic interests in the Syrian conflict which it aims to achieve.

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