The Prediction of the Flow Stress of an Extra-Low Carbon Steel in the Two-Phase Region Using Continuous Cooling Curves

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yhu-Jen Hwu ◽  
J. G. Lenard ◽  
J. J. M. Too
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Flow Stress ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Continuous Cooling

Continuous cooling curves of an extra-low carbon steel under three cooling rates are measured. The flow stress of the steel is established in compression tests during which the temperature is continuously decreasing. The phase transformation temperatures are determined from the cooling rate curve. The latent heat during phase transformation is calculated. A new variable, related to the volume fraction of transformation, is defined. Experimental results show that the relationship between the softening ratio of the flow stress due to phase transformation and this new variable may be described by a quadratic relationship. Based on this relationship and the continuous cooling curves, the flow stresses in the two-phase region are successfully predicted.

Microstructure of the Heat Treated Advanced Low Carbon Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 252-257
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Maisuradze ◽  
Maksim A. Ryzhkov ◽  
Dmitriy I. Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Isothermal Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Continuous Cooling ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Start Temperature

The microstructure of the advanced low carbon steel with a superior hardenability was studied. The steel contained the following main alloying elements, wt. %: C – 0.20; Cr – 2.0; Mn – 2.0; Si – 1.04 Ni – 1.0; Mo – 0.3. The dilatometer investigation of the steel under consideration revealed the only phase transformation occurring during continuous cooling (0.1...30 °C/s), which started at the martensite start temperature Ms. It was shown that the isothermal treatment of the studied steel led to the bainite formation above and below Ms. The temperature of the bainite morphology shift was determined.

Predicting the Effects of Cold Working on the Machining Characteristics of Low Carbon Steels

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kopalinsky ◽  
P. L. B. Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Work ◽  
Machining Characteristics

Experiments show that the cold working of low carbon steel work materials can improve their machinability by reducing cutting forces and improving surface finish and tool life. The somewhat paradoxical result of reducing cutting forces by cold working a material so that its hardness is increased is explained in this paper by using a machining theory which takes account of the flow stress properties of the work material and can thus allow for the effects of cold working.

scholarly journals The Microstructure of Annealed Galfan Coating on Steel Substrate

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Żelechower ◽  
J. Kliś ◽  
E. Augustyn ◽  
J. Grzonka ◽  
D. Stróż ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloy Coating ◽  
Annealed Sample ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Interface Area ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Al Content

The Microstructure of AnnealedGalfanCoating on Steel SubstrateThe commercially availableGalfancoating containing 5-7wt.% of Al deposited on the low carbon steel substrate by hot dipping has been examined with respect to the microstructure of the coating/substrate interface area. The application of several experimental techniques (SEM/EDS, XRD, TEM/AEM/EDS/ED) allowed demonstrating the two-phase structure of the alloy coating in non-treated, commercially availableGalfansamples: Zn-rich pre-eutectoidηphase grains are surrounded by lamellar eutectics ofβ-Al andη-Zn. The transition layer between the alloy coating and steel substrate with the considerably higher Al content (SEM/EDS, TEM/EDS) has been found in both non-treated and annealed samples (600°C/5 minutes). Only the monoclinic FeAl3Znxphase however was revealed in the annealed sample (TEM/electron diffraction) remaining uncertain the presence of the orthorhombic Fe2Al5Znxphase, reported by several authors.

scholarly journals Effect of Reverse-phase Transformation Annealing Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Lifeng Fan ◽  
Bin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Martensite Microstructure

In order to develop a third-generation automobile steel with powerful strength and elongation, we propose a method through high temperature quenching and two-phase region reverse-phase transformation annealing to develop such steel with 0.13% C and 5.4% Mn. To investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of manganese steel, SEM, XRD and TEM are employed in our experiments. Experimental results indicate that the microstructure after quenching is mainly lath martensite microstructure with average of lath width at 0.5 μm. The components of the steel after along with reverse-phase transformation annealing are ultra-fine grain ferrite, lath martensite and different forms of austenite microstructure. When the temperature at 625 °C, the components of the steel mainly includes lath martensite microstructure and ultra-fine grain ferrite and the fraction of austenite volume is only 5.09%. When the annealing temperature of reverse-phase transformation increase into 650 °C and 675 °C, the austenite appears in the boundary of the ferritic grain boundary and the boundary of lath martensite as the forms of bulk and lath. The phenomenon appears in the bulk of austenite, and the size of is 0.22 μm, 0.3 μm. The fraction of austenite volume is 22.34% at 675 °C and decreases into 9.32% at 700 °C. The components of austenite mainly includes ultra-fine grained ferrite and lath martensite. Furthermore, the density of decreases significantly, and the width of martensite increases into 0.32 μm. In such experimental settings, quenching at 930 °C with 20 min and at 675 °C with 30 min reverse-phase transformation annealing, the austenite volume fraction raises up to 22.34%.

scholarly journals Quantitative Description of External Force Induced Phase Transformation in Silicon–Manganese (Si–Mn) Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steels

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3781
Author(s):  
Zhongping He ◽  
Huachu Liu ◽  
Zhenyu Zhu ◽  
Weisen Zheng ◽  
Yanlin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Trip Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Transformation Induced Plasticity ◽  
Trip Steels

Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels with silicon–manganese (Si–Mn) as the main element have attracted a lot of attention and great interest from steel companies due to their low price, high strength, and high plasticity. Retained austenite is of primary importance as the source of high strength and high plasticity in Si–Mn TRIP steels. In this work, the cold rolled sheets of Si–Mn low carbon steel were treated with TRIP and Dual Phase (DP) treatment respectively. Then, the microstructure and composition of the Si–Mn low carbon steel were observed and tested. The static tensile test of TRIP steel and DP steel was carried out by a CMT5305 electronic universal testing machine. The self-built true stress–strain curve model of TRIP steel was verified. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the phase transformation energy of retained austenite and the work borne by austenite in the sample during static stretching were calculated. The work done by austenite was 14.5 J, which was negligible compared with the total work of 217.8 J. The phase transformation energy absorption of retained austenite in the sample was 9.12 J. The role of retained austenite in TRIP steel is the absorption of excess energy at the key place where the fracture will occur, thereby increasing the elongation, so that the ferrite and bainite in the TRIP steel can absorb energy for a longer time and withstand more energy.

The Structure, Microhardness and Wear Resistance of Coatings Obtained through Non-Vacuum Electron Beam Cladding of Chromium and Titanium Carbides on Low Carbon Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 927 ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Krylova ◽  
Konstantin V. Ivanov ◽  
Vladimir E. Ovcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Titanium Carbides

An interrelation between structural features, microhardness and wear resistance was studied in the coatings obtained by non-vacuum relativistic electron beam cladding of chromium and titanium carbides powder mixture on low carbon steel. Five coatings differing in the amount of the entered energy were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), indentation tests and wear resistance measurements. It was found that the concentration of alloying elements both in solid solution and eutectic as well as the volume fraction of eutectic are the main structural characteristics which defines the microhardness of the coatings. The distribution of TiC phase plays a key role in the resistance to wear.

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