Autoignition Delay Time Measurements of Methane, Ethane, and Propane Pure Fuels and Methane-Based Fuel Blends

Author(s):  
M. M. Holton ◽  
P. Gokulakrishnan ◽  
M. S. Klassen ◽  
R. J. Roby ◽  
G. S. Jackson

Autoignition delay experiments in air have been performed in an atmospheric flow reactor using typical natural gas components, namely, methane, ethane, and propane. Autoignition delay measurements were also made for binary fuel mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, and ternary mixtures of methane/ethane/propane. The effect of CO2 addition to the methane-based fuel blends on autoignition delay times was also investigated. Equivalence ratios for the experiments ranged between 0.5 and 1.25, and temperatures ranged from 930 K to 1140 K. Consistent with past studies, increasing equivalence ratio and increasing inlet temperatures over these ranges decreased autoignition delay times. Furthermore, addition of 5–10% ethane or propane decreased autoignition delay time of the binary methane-based fuel by 30–50%. Further addition of either ethane or propane showed less significant reduction of autoignition delays. Addition of 5–10% CO2 slightly decreased the autoignition delay times of methane fuel mixtures. Arrhenius correlations were used to derive activation energies for the ignition of the pure fuels and their mixtures. Results show a reduction in activation energies at the higher temperatures studied, which suggests a change in ignition chemistry at very high temperatures. Measurements show relatively good agreement with predictions from a detailed kinetics mechanism, specifically developed to model ignition chemistry of C1-C3 alkanes.

Author(s):  
M. M. Holton ◽  
P. Gokulakrishnan ◽  
M. S. Klassen ◽  
R. J. Roby ◽  
G. S. Jackson

Autoignition delay experiments in air have been performed in an atmospheric flow reactor using typical natural gas components, namely methane, ethane and propane. Autoignition delay measurements were also made for binary fuel mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane and ternary mixtures of methane/ethane/propane. The effect of CO2 addition to the methane-based fuel blends on autoignition delay times was also investigated. Equivalence ratios for the experiments ranged between 0.5 and 1.25 and temperatures ranged from 930 K to 1140 K. Consistent with past studies, increasing equivalence ratio and increasing inlet temperatures over these ranges decreased autoignition delay times. Furthermore, addition of 5–10% ethane or propane decreased autoignition delay time of the binary methane-based fuel by 30–50%. Further addition of either ethane or propane showed less significant reduction of autoignition delays. Addition of 5–10% CO2 slightly decreased the autoignition delay times of methane fuel mixtures. Arrhenius correlations were used to derive activation energies for the ignition of the pure fuels and their mixtures. Results show a reduction in activation energies at the higher temperatures studied, which suggests a change in ignition chemistry at very high temperatures. Measurements show relatively good agreement with predictions from a detailed kinetics mechanism specifically developed to model ignition chemistry of C1-C3 alkanes.


Author(s):  
David Beerer ◽  
Vincent McDonell ◽  
Scott Samuelsen ◽  
Leonard Angello

Autoignition delay times of mixtures of alkanes and natural gas were studied experimentally in a high pressure and intermediate temperature turbulent flow reactor. Measurements were made at pressures between 7 and 15 atm and temperatures from 785 to 935K. The blends include binary and ternary mixtures of methane, ethane and propane; along with various natural gas blends. Based on these data, the effect of higher hydrocarbons on the ignition delay time of natural gas type fuels at actual gas turbine engine conditions has been quantified. While the addition of higher hydrocarbons in quantities of up to 30% were found to reduce the ignition delay by up to a factor of four, the delay times were still found to be greater than 60 milliseconds in all cases which is well above the residence times of most engine premixers. The data were used to develop simple Arrhenius type correlations as a function of temperature, pressure and fuel composition for design use.


Author(s):  
David Beerer ◽  
Vincent McDonell ◽  
Scott Samuelsen ◽  
Leonard Angello

Compositional variation of global gas supplies is becoming a growing concern. Both the range and rate-of-change of this variation is expected to increase as global markets for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) continue to expand. Greater fuel composition variation poses increased operational risk to gas turbine engines employing lean premixed combustion systems. Information on ignition delay at high pressure and intermediate temperatures is valuable for lean premixed gas turbine design. In order to avoid autoignition of the fuel/air mixture within the premixer, the ignition delay time must be greater than the residence time. Evaluating the residence time is not a straight forward task because of the complex aerodynamics due to recirculation zones, separation regions, and boundary layers effects which may create regions where the local residence times may be longer than the bulk or average residence time. Additionally, reliable experiments on ignition delay at gas turbine conditions are difficult to conduct. Devices for testing include shock tubes, rapid compression machine and flow reactors. In a flow reactor ignition delay data are commonly determined by measuring the distance from the fuel injector to the reaction front (L) and dividing it by the bulk or average flow velocity (U) under steady flow conditions to obtain a bulk residence time which is assumed to be equal to the ignition delay time. However this method is susceptible to the same boundary layer effects or recirculation zones found in premixers. An alternative method for obtaining ignition delay data in a flow reactor is presented herein, where ignition delay times are obtained by measuring the time difference between fuel injection and ignition using high speed instrumentation. Ignition delay times for methane, ethane and propane at gas turbine conditions were in the range of 40–500 ms. The results obtained show excellent agreement with recently proposed chemical mechanisms for hydrocarbons at low temperature/high pressure conditions.


Author(s):  
David Beerer ◽  
Vincent McDonell ◽  
Scott Samuelsen ◽  
Leonard Angello

Autoignition delay times of mixtures of alkanes and natural gas were studied experimentally in a high pressure and intermediate temperature turbulent flow reactor. Measurements were made at pressures between 7 atm and 15 atm and temperatures from 785 K to 935 K. The blends include binary and ternary mixtures of methane, ethane, and propane along with various natural gas blends. Based on these data, the effect of higher hydrocarbons on the ignition delay time of natural gas type fuels at actual gas turbine engine conditions has been quantified. While the addition of higher hydrocarbons in quantities of up to 30% was found to reduce the ignition delay by up to a factor of 4, the delay times were still found to be greater than 60 ms in all cases, which is well above the residence times of most engine premixers. The data were used to develop simple Arrhenius type correlations as a function of temperature, pressure, and fuel composition for design use.


2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4013-4016 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeungSoo Lim ◽  
DongJu Moon ◽  
JongHo Kim ◽  
YoungChul Kim ◽  
NamCook Park ◽  
...  

Autothermal reforming of propane for hydrogen over Ni catalysts supported on a variety of perovskites was performed in an atmospheric flow reactor. Perovskite is known for its higher thermal stability and oxygen storage capacity, but catalytic activity of itself is low. A sites of the ABO3 structured perovskites were occupied by La while B sites by one of Fe, Co, Ni, and Al by citrate method. The composition of the reactant mixture was H2O/C/O2 = 8.96/1.0/1.1. The changes in the states of the catalysts after reaction were analyzed by XRD, TPD, and TGA. Ni/LaAlO3 catalyst maintained the perovskite structure after reaction. It showed higher hydrogen yield and thermal stability compared to those of the catalysts with Fe, Co, or Ni in B sites. Catalysts prepared by deposition-precipitation (DP) method showed higher activity than those prepared by impregnation method, presumably due to the smaller sizes of the NiO crystal particles.


Author(s):  
P. Gokulakrishnan ◽  
M. S. Klassen ◽  
R. J. Roby

Ignition delay times of a “real” synthetic jet fuel (S8) were measured using an atmospheric pressure flow reactor facility. Experiments were performed between 900 K and 1200 K at equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.5. Ignition delay time measurements were also performed with JP8 fuel for comparison. Liquid fuel was prevaporized to gaseous form in a preheated nitrogen environment before mixing with air in the premixing section, located at the entrance to the test section of the flow reactor. The experimental data show shorter ignition delay times for S8 fuel than for JP8 due to the absence of aromatic components in S8 fuel. However, the ignition delay time measurements indicate higher overall activation energy for S8 fuel than for JP8. A detailed surrogate kinetic model for S8 was developed by validating against the ignition delay times obtained in the present work. The chemical composition of S8 used in the experiments consisted of 99.7 vol% paraffins of which approximately 80 vol% was iso-paraffins and 20% n-paraffins. The detailed kinetic mechanism developed in the current work included n-decane and iso-octane as the surrogate components to model ignition characteristics of synthetic jet fuels. The detailed surrogate kinetic model has approximately 700 species and 2000 reactions. This kinetic mechanism represents a five-component surrogate mixture to model generic kerosene-type jets fuels, namely, n-decane (for n-paraffins), iso-octane (for iso-paraffins), n-propylcyclohexane (for naphthenes), n-propylbenzene (for aromatics) and decene (for olefins). The sensitivity of iso-paraffins on jet fuel ignition delay times was investigated using the detailed kinetic model. The amount of iso-paraffins present in the jet fuel has little effect on the ignition delay times in the high temperature oxidation regime. However, the presence of iso-paraffins in synthetic jet fuels can increase the ignition delay times by two orders of magnitude in the negative temperature (NTC) region between 700 K and 900 K, typical gas turbine conditions. This feature can have a favorable impact on preventing flashback caused by the premature autoignition of liquid fuels in lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustion systems.


Author(s):  
Matt Boring ◽  
Mike Bongiovi ◽  
David Warman ◽  
Harold Kleeman

Welds that are made onto an operating pipeline cool at an accelerated rate as a result of the flowing pipeline contents cooling the weld region. The accelerated cooling rates increase the probability of forming a crack-susceptible microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of in-service welds. The increased risk of forming such microstructures makes in-service welds more susceptible to hydrogen cracking compared to welds that do not experience accelerated cooling. It is understood within the pipeline industry that hydrogen cracking is a time-dependent failure mechanism. Due to the time-dependent nature and susceptibility of in-service welds to hydrogen cracking, it is common to delay the final inspection of in-service welds. The intent of the delayed inspection is to allow hydrogen cracks, if they were going to occur, to form so that the inspection method could detect them and the cracks could repaired. Many industry codes provide a single inspection delay time. By providing a single inspection delay time it is implied that the inspection delay time should be applied for all situations independent of the welding conditions or any other preventative measures the company may employee. There are many aspects that should be addressed when determining what should be considered an appropriate inspection delay time and these aspects can vary the inspection delay time considerably. Such factors include the cooling characteristics of the operating pipeline, the welding procedure that is being followed, the chemical composition of the material being welded and if any preventative measures such as post-weld heating are applied. The objective of this work was to provide an engineering justification for realistic minimum inspection delay times for different in-service welding scenarios. The minimum inspection delay time that was determined was based on modelling results from a previously developed two-dimensional hydrogen diffusion model that predicts the time to peak hydrogen concentration at any location within a weld HAZ. The time to peak hydrogen concentration was considered equal to the minimum inspection delay time since the model uses the assumption that if a weld was to crack the cracking would occur prior to or at the time of peak hydrogen concentration. Several factors were varied during the computer model runs to determine the effect they had on the time to peak hydrogen concentration. These factors included different welding procedures, different material thicknesses and different post-weld heating temperatures. The post-weld heating temperatures were varied between 40 F (4 C) and 300 F (149 C). The results of the analysis did provide justification for reducing the inspection delay time to 30 minutes or less depending on the post-weld heating temperature and pipeline wall thickness. This reduction in inspection delay time has the potential to significantly increase productivity and reduce associated costs without increasing the associated risk to pipeline integrity or public safety.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Mai Lan

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aircraft soot are capable to distribute in the gas phase and particulate phase in chemical transformations in the atmosphere. The desorption of PAHs from the soot surface is a preliminary step in the study of the reactivity of particulate PAHs. The desorption kinetics of PAHs are measured from soot samples to determine desorption rate constants for different PAHs as a function of temperature and the binding energies between PAHs and soot. The kinetics of degradation of particulate PAHs were studied in the flow reactor. The soot samples previously deposited on a Pyrex tube are introduced into the reactor along its axis and the concentrations of PAHs adsorbed on soot are determined by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as a function of the desorption time. The results show a correlation between the size of PAHs and the thermodynamics of desorption: with the PAHs have the same number of carbon atoms, their energies of desorption are very similar and increase with this number. The activation energies EA and the number of carbon atoms in PAHs have a linear correlation. It is consistent with the additivity of the laws Van der Waals. The similarity between the activation energies of desorption of PAHs and the corresponding sublimation enthalpies is consistent with the similarity between the graphitic structure of soot and the structure of PAHs.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir S Khorev ◽  
Anatoly S Karavaev ◽  
Elena E Lapsheva ◽  
Tatyana A Galushko ◽  
Mikhail D Prokhorov ◽  
...  

Objective: We assessed the delay times in the interaction between the autonomic regulatory loop of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and autonomic regulatory loop of photoplethysmographic waveform variability (PPGV), showing low-frequency oscillations. Material and Methods: In eight healthy subjects aged 25–30 years (3 male, 5 female), we studied at rest (in a supine position) the simultaneously recorded two-hour signals of RR intervals (RRIs) chain and finger photoplethysmogram (PPG). To extract the low-frequency components of RRIs and PPG signal, associated with the low-frequency oscillations in HRV and PPGV with a frequency of about 0.1 Hz, we filtered RRIs and PPG with a bandpass 0.05-0.15 Hz filter. We used a method for the detection of coupling between oscillatory systems, based on the construction of predictive models of instantaneous phase dynamics, for the estimation of delay times in the interaction between the studied regulatory loops. Results: Averaged value of delay time in coupling from the regulatory loop of HRV to the loop of PPGV was 0.9±0.4 seconds (mean ± standard error of the means) and averaged value of delay time in coupling from PPGV to HRV was 4.1±1.1 seconds. Conclusion: Analysis of two-hour experimental time series of healthy subjects revealed the presence of delay times in the interaction between regulatory loops of HRV and PPGV. Estimated delay time in coupling regulatory loops from HRV to PPGV was about one second or even less, while the delay time in coupling from PPGV to HRV was about several seconds. The difference in delay times is explained by the fact that PPGV to HRV response is mediated through the autonomic nervous system (baroreflex), while the HRV to PPGV response is mediated mechanically via cardiac output.


2014 ◽  
Vol 161 (12) ◽  
pp. 3022-3030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pino Sabia ◽  
Mariarosaria de Joannon ◽  
Marco Lubrano Lavadera ◽  
Paola Giudicianni ◽  
Raffaele Ragucci

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