Internal Viscosity-Dependent Margination of Red Blood Cells in Microfluidic Channels

Cytoplasmic viscosity-dependent margination of red blood cells (RBC) for flow inside microchannels was studied using numerical simulations, and the results were verified with microfluidic experiments. Wide range of suspension volume fractions or hematocrits was considered in this study. Lattice Boltzmann method for fluid-phase coupled with spectrin-link method for RBC membrane deformation was used for accurate analysis of cell margination. RBC margination behavior shows strong dependence on the internal viscosity of the RBCs. At equilibrium, RBCs with higher internal viscosity marginate closer to the channel wall and the RBCs with normal internal viscosity migrate to the central core of the channel. Same margination pattern has been verified through experiments conducted with straight channel microfluidic devices. Segregation between RBCs of different internal viscosity is enhanced as the shear rate and the hematocrit increases. Stronger separation between normal RBCs and RBCs with high internal viscosity is obtained as the width of a high aspect ratio channel is reduced. Overall, the margination behavior of RBCs with different internal viscosities resembles with the margination behavior of RBCs with different levels of deformability. Observations from this work will be useful in designing microfluidic devices for separating the subpopulations of RBCs with different levels of deformability that appear in many hematologic diseases such as sickle cell disease (SCD), malaria, or cancer.

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An Evaluation of Morphological Changes and Deformability of Suspended Red Blood Cells Prepared Using Whole Blood with Different Hemoglobin Levels of Tibetans

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy ◽

10.1159/000513319 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Rui Zhong ◽

Dingding Han ◽

Xiaodong Wu ◽

Hong Wang ◽

Wanjing Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Osmotic Fragility ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Hypoxic Environment ◽

Wide Range ◽

Group A ◽

Cell Membrane Protein

Background: The hypoxic environment stimulates the human body to increase the levels of hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit and the number of red blood cells. Such enhancements have individual differences, leading to a wide range of HGB in Tibetans’ whole blood (WB). Study Design: WB of male Tibetans was divided into 3 groups according to different HGB (i.e., A: >120 but ≤185 g/L, B: >185 but ≤210 g/L, and C: >210 g/L). Suspended red blood cells (SRBC) processed by collected WB and stored in standard conditions were examined aseptically on days 1, 14, 21, and 35 after storage. The routine biochemical indexes, deformability, cell morphology, and membrane proteins were tested. Results: Mean corpuscular volume, adenosine triphosphate, pH, and deformability were not different in group A vs. those in storage (p > 0.05). The increased rate of irreversible morphology of red blood cells was different among the 3 groups, but there was no difference in the percentage of red blood cells with an irreversible morphology after 35 days of storage. Group C performed better in terms of osmotic fragility and showed a lower rigid index than group A. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed similar cross-linking degrees of cell membrane protein but the band 3 protein of group C seemed to experience weaker clustering than that of group A as detected by Western Blot analysis after 35 days of storage. Conclusions: There was no difference in deformability or morphological changes in the 3 groups over the 35 days of storage. High HGB levels of plateau SRBC did not accelerate the RBC change from a biconcave disc into a spherical shape and it did not cause a reduction in deformability during 35 days of preservation in bank conditions.

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Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1978.44.2.254 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 254-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Kakiuchi ◽

A. B. DuBois ◽

D. Gorenberg

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽

Red Cell ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Pressure Changes ◽

Different Levels

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.

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Haemorheology in dilute, semi-dilute and dense suspensions of red blood cells

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/jfm.2019.393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 872 ◽

pp. 818-848 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Naoki Takeishi ◽

Marco E. Rosti ◽

Yohsuke Imai ◽

Shigeo Wada ◽

Luca Brandt

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Intrinsic Viscosity ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Relative Viscosity ◽

Shear Plane ◽

Constitutive Law ◽

Stable Mode ◽

Volume Fractions ◽

Wide Range

We present a numerical analysis of the rheology of a suspension of red blood cells (RBCs) in a wall-bounded shear flow. The flow is assumed as almost inertialess. The suspension of RBCs, modelled as biconcave capsules whose membrane follows the Skalak constitutive law, is simulated for a wide range of viscosity ratios between the cytoplasm and plasma,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0.1$–10, for volume fractions up to$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.41$and for different capillary numbers ($Ca$). Our numerical results show that an RBC at low$Ca$tends to orient to the shear plane and exhibits so-called rolling motion, a stable mode with higher intrinsic viscosity than the so-called tumbling motion. As$Ca$increases, the mode shifts from the rolling to the swinging motion. Hydrodynamic interactions (higher volume fraction) also allow RBCs to exhibit tumbling or swinging motions resulting in a drop of the intrinsic viscosity for dilute and semi-dilute suspensions. Because of this mode change, conventional ways of modelling the relative viscosity as a polynomial function of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$cannot be simply applied in suspensions of RBCs at low volume fractions. The relative viscosity for high volume fractions, however, can be well described as a function of an effective volume fraction, defined by the volume of spheres of radius equal to the semi-middle axis of a deformed RBC. We find that the relative viscosity successfully collapses on a single nonlinear curve independently of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$except for the case with$Ca\geqslant 0.4$, where the fit works only in the case of low/moderate volume fraction, and fails in the case of a fully dense suspension.

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Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1976.40.3.379 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 379-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

B. Ekblom ◽

G. Wilson ◽

P. O. Astrand

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Maximal Exercise ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Vo2 Max ◽

Arterial Oxygen Content ◽

Acute Change ◽

Hb Concentration ◽

Different Levels ◽

Central Circulation

To study central circulation at different levels of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, five subjects performed submaximal and maximal exercise in three different situations: 1) control, 2) after venesection of 800 ml of whole blood, and 3) after reinfusion of the red blood cells about 30–35 days after venesection. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) decreased from 4.27 l-min-1) at control to 4.03 l-min-1 after venesection (P less than 0.05) and increased to 4.61 l-min-1 after reinfusion (P less than 0.05). Maximal values on cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV) were the same in the three situations. Thus, there was no compensatory increase in Qmax due to the lowered arterial oxygen content (Cao2) after venesection. An increase of the Cao2 (Hb concentration) and a lowering of the Cvo2 contributed equally to the increased VO2 max after reinfusion. At a given submaximal VO2, HR and blood lactates were increased at lowered Hb concentration and decreased at increased Hb concentration over control levels. Correlation coefficient for the change in Q in relation to the acute change in Hb concentration at a given submaximal VO2 was -0.49 (P less than 0.05).

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Cell-derived microparticles in haemostasis and vascular medicine

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th08-08-0521 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 101 (03) ◽

pp. 439-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 267

Author(s):

Laurent Burnier ◽

Pierre Fontana ◽

Brenda R. Kwak ◽

Anne Angelillo-Scherrer

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Essential Role ◽

Cell Types ◽

Vascular Medicine ◽

Disease Markers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Definition Of ◽

Different Cell Types

SummaryConsiderable interest for cell-derived microparticles has emerged, pointing out their essential role in haemostatic response and their potential as disease markers, but also their implication in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. They derive from different cell types including platelets – the main source of microparticles – but also from red blood cells, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and they circulate in blood. Despite difficulties encountered in analyzing them and disparities of results obtained with a wide range of methods, microparticle generation processes are now better understood. However, a generally admitted definition of microparticles is currently lacking. For all these reasons we decided to review the literature regarding microparticles in their widest definition, including ectosomes and exosomes, and to focus mainly on their role in haemostasis and vascular medicine.

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A Numerical Study of Plasma Skimming in Small Vascular Bifurcations

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2895708 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

G. Enden ◽

A. S. Popel

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cross Section ◽

Newtonian Fluid ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Flux Ratio ◽

Parent Vessel ◽

Plasma Skimming ◽

Wide Range

Owing in part to a plasma-skimming mechanism, the distribution of red blood cells (RBCs) into branches of microvascular bifurcations typically differs from the distribution of the bulk blood flow. This paper analyzes the plasma-skimming mechanism that causes phase separation due to uneven distribution of red blood cells at the inlet cross section of the parent vessel. In a previous study, the shape of the surface that divides the flow into the branches was found by numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow of a homogeneous Newtonian fluid in T-type bifurcations. Those findings are used in this study to determine, as a first approximation, the side-to-parent vessel RBC flux ratio and discharge hematocrit ratio as a function of corresponding flow ratios. Calculations are based on the assumption that RBCs move along streamlines of a homogeneous Newtonian fluid and are uniformly distributed within a concentric core at the inlet cross section of the parent vessel. The results of our calculations agree well for a wide range of flow parameters with experimental data from in vivo and in vitro studies.

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Deformation and dynamics of red blood cells in flow through cylindrical microchannels

Soft Matter ◽

10.1039/c4sm00248b ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 4258-4267 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Dmitry A. Fedosov ◽

Matti Peltomäki ◽

Gerhard Gompper

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Flow Resistance ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Hydrodynamic Simulations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Flow Through ◽

Cell Partitioning

The behavior of red blood cells (RBCs) in microvessels plays an important role in blood flow resistance and in the cell partitioning within a microcirculatory network. We employ mesoscopic hydrodynamic simulations to study the behavior and deformation of single RBCs in microchannels yielding the construction of diagrams of RBC shapes for a wide range of flow conditions.

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Hydrophilic-treated plastic plates for wide-range analysis of Giemsa-stained red blood cells and automated Plasmodium infection rate counting

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-017-1975-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Muneaki Hashimoto ◽

Shouki Yatsushiro ◽

Shohei Yamamura ◽

Masato Tanaka ◽

Hirokazu Sakamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Plasmodium Infection ◽

Range Analysis ◽

Wide Range

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The Influence of Oxidative Stress and Natural Antioxidants on Morphometric Parameters of Red Blood Cells, the Hemoglobin Oxygen Binding Capacity, and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/2109269 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Victor V. Revin ◽

Natalia V. Gromova ◽

Elvira S. Revina ◽

Anastasia Yu. Samonova ◽

Alexander Yu. Tychkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Oxygen Binding ◽

Wide Range ◽

Oxidative Processes ◽

Physical And Chemical

Using a wide range of different physical and chemical methods, it was found that the oxidative stress caused by addition of hydrogen peroxide to the incubation medium has a significant effect on the conformation of haematoporphyrin, influencing the oxygen-binding properties of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Morphofunctional characteristics of red blood cells change; in particular, we have observed the transformation of erythrocytes, their transition into echinocytes. In erythrocytes, in response to increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) antioxidant enzymes become active. The use of natural antioxidants (β-carotene and resveratrol) works towards reducting the level of oxidative processes. Resveratrol has the greatest antioxidant effect.

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