scholarly journals Evaluation of Shale Oil as a Utility Gas Turbine Fuel

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Sederquist ◽  
J. Frese ◽  
J. McVey ◽  
C. L. Knauf ◽  
H. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Electric Power Research Institute ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Petroleum Distillate ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Percent Nitrogen ◽  
Distillate Fuel ◽  
Engine Power

The work described in this paper was conducted under an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Contract RP1691-2, “Evaluation of Shale Oil Residual as a Utility Gas Turbine Fuel.” An FT4A-9 engine was run at Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO), and a selected single-can combustor from the LILCO engine was run at United Technologies on No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel and hydrotreated Paraho shale oil residual, with and without water injection. The use of hot water injection was successfully demonstrated, with reduced NOx emissions and low smoke on both fuels. The EPA NOx limit of 125 ppm for fuels containing 0.25 percent nitrogen or greater was close to being met at 18.5-MW engine power with shale oil residual at a water-to-fuel mass ratio of 0.79.

scholarly journals Fuel Tolerance of Staged Combustors

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Rosfjord ◽  
R. A. Sederquist ◽  
L. C. Angello
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Electric Power Research Institute ◽  
Petroleum Distillate ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Distillate Fuel

The work described herein was conducted under an Electric Power Research Institute contract, Evaluation of Synthetic Fuel Character Effects on Rich-Lean Stationary Gas Turbine Combustion Systems. The purpose of this program was to determine the effect of synthetic fuel properties on combustor emissions, performance, and durability. Four synthetic fuels and No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel were tested in a subscale combustor over a wide range of conditions with the purpose of expanding the fuels property base and range of conditions beyond that of preceding programs. Nox emissions were very low and insensitive to combustor pressure and fuel-bound nitrogen. Rich-lean results show some indication of increased smoke and liner heating with reduced fuel hydrogen content, although not as consistent as the trends for lean combustors.

Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Ambrose ◽  
Rocco F. Costello ◽  
Henry Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Petroleum Distillate ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Injection Equipment ◽  
Filter Size ◽  
Fuel Filter ◽  
Test Engine ◽  
Distillate Fuel

A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel, (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hours of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.

Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-725
Author(s):  
M. J. Ambrose ◽  
R. F. Costello ◽  
H. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Petroleum Distillate ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Injection Equipment ◽  
Filter Size ◽  
Fuel Filter ◽  
Test Engine ◽  
Distillate Fuel

A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal-derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hr of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Commercially Available High Fogging Systems

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha M. Savic ◽  
Katharina E. Rostek ◽  
Daniel K. Klaesson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Compressor Blades ◽  
Surge Margin ◽  
Compressor Surge ◽  
Pressure Swirl

High fogging (wet compression, spray inter-cooling) is a technology used for gas turbine (GT) power augmentation. By evaporative spray inter-cooling of the air during compression, which is the main physical effect associated with the HF, a 5–7% power boost of the GT (for each percent of injected water per mass of air) is achieved. HF of a gas turbine can be accomplished using different spray technologies. In this study three different, commercially available spray technologies — pressure-swirl, hot water injection and air-assisted atomization — are compared regarding both technical and economical benefits and risks. The comparison is based on droplet sizing results, system complexity, the feasibility of system integration into the GT’s control and plant operation concept, GT performance and operational and additional O&M costs. It is also known that high fogging carries certain risks to the safe operation of a GT, such as compressor blades erosion, reduction in compressor surge margin and cooling airflows. To minimize the negative impact of high fogging, it is therefore important to select the most appropriate high fogging system as well as to provide for its full engine integration.

Field Conversion of a Low-Firing Frame 7B Gas Turbine Power Plant to Ultra-Low Emission Combustion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Demougeot ◽  
Jeffrey A. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Technical Discussion

The search for power plant sustainability options continues as regulating agencies exert more stringent industrial gas turbine emission requirements on operators. Purchasing power for resale, de-commissioning current capabilities altogether and repowering by replacing or converting existing equipment to comply with emissions standards are economic-driven options contemplated by many mature gas turbine operators. NRG’s Gilbert power plant based in Milford, NJ began commercial operation in 1974 and is fitted with four (4) natural gas fired GE’s 7B gas turbine generators with two each exhausting to HRSG’s feeding one (1) steam turbine generator. The gas turbine units, originally configured with diffusion flame combustion systems with water injection, were each emitting 35 ppm NOx with the New Jersey High Energy Demand Day (HEED) regulatory mandate to reduce NOx emissions to sub 10 ppm by May 1st, 2015. Studies were conducted by the operator to evaluate the economic viability & installation of environmental controls to reduce NOx emissions. It was determined that installation of post-combustion environmental controls at the facility was both cost prohibitive and technically challenging, and would require a fundamental reconfiguration of the facility. Based on this economic analysis, the ultra-low emission combustion system conversion package was selected as the best cost-benefit solution. This technical paper will focus on the ultra low emissions technology and key features employed to achieve these low emissions, a description of the design challenges and solution to those, a summary of the customer considerations in down selecting options and an overview of the conversion scope. Finally, a technical discussion of the low emissions operational flexibility will be provided including performance results of the converted units.

scholarly journals A Numerical Method for Computing Recovery of Oil By Hot Water Injection in a Radial System

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Viscosity Ratio ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Radial System ◽  
System Equation ◽  
Finite Difference Equations

Abstract This report describes work on the problem of predicting oil recovery from a reservoir into which water is injected at a temperature higher than the reservoir temperature, taking into account effects of viscosity-ratio reduction, heat loss and thermal expansion. It includes the derivation of the equations involved, the finite difference equations used to solve the partial differential equation which models the system, and the results obtained using the IBM 1620 and 7090–1401 computers. Figures and tables show present results of this study of recovery as a function of reservoir thickness and injection rate. For a possible reservoir hot water flood in which 1,000 BWPD at 250F are injected, an additional 5 per cent recovery of oil in place in a swept 1,000-ft-radius reservoir is predicted after injection of one pore volume of water. INTRODUCTION The problem of predicting oil recovery from the injection of hot water has been discussed by several researchers.1–6,19 In no case has the problem of predicting heat losses been rigorously incorporated into the recovery and displacement calculation problem. Willman et al. describe an approximate method of such treatment.1 The calculation of heat losses in a reservoir and the corresponding temperature distribution while injecting a hot fluid has been attempted by several authors.7,8 In this report a method is presented to numerically predict the oil displacement by hot water in a radial system, taking into account the heat losses to adjacent strata, changes in viscosity ratio with temperature and the thermal-expansion effect for both oil and water. DERIVATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS We start with the familiar Buckley-Leverett9 equation for a radial system:*Equation 1 This can be written in the formEquation 2 This is sometimes referred to as the Lagrangian form of the displacement equation.

SS - Gas Hydrate: Gas production from methane hydrate sediment layer by thermal stimulation with hot water injection

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyuro Sasaki ◽  
Shinzi Ono ◽  
Yuichi Sugai ◽  
Norio Tenma ◽  
Takao Ebinuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Sediment Layer
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