scholarly journals Overview of Toxic Contaminants in Ground Water Origin, Transport, and Treatment

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brannon H. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Limestone Aquifer ◽  
The Road ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Cap Rock

Introduction: Most of you are primarily interested in ground water, by that I mean well water. I don’t believe anyone here uses a surface water source for either product water or in plant drinking water or so you think. I have had some surprises from Florida ground water acting like surface water. When hunting for reasons it was explained that water perculating through your soil acts almost like a huge lake or river with varying levels of naturally occuring contaminants and man made pollutants present depending on location and magnitude of source. I have had trouble with this since during the depression when my family lived on a grove in Lake County. Our well was driven into the limestone aquifer and my father was firmly convinced this was the best water in the entire State of Florida. In retrospect, I can never recall tasting better water, however it was hard as a rock and during the “monsoons” that occasionally came our way the well water took on a brown color just like the lake and cat-tail swamp across the road. Wells driven into the limestone aquifer, even in the artisian region below impermiable cap rock may be subject to significant surface intrusion. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Quality of Ground and Surface Water of Rajshahi City Area for Sustainable Drinking Water Source

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Rasul ◽  
M. S. Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
City Area ◽  
Rajshahi City

An investigation was carried out to assess the water qualities and extents of impurities in groundwater and surface water (Padma river water) in Rajshahi City area. Water samples from a total of 330 tube wells and five spots of the river Padma were analysed for physicochemical, biological and hydrological parameters with standard methods. Among all considered parameters of ground water, concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese, total hardness, and total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria were found above the permissible limits for potable water. In case of the river Padma, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total coliform, faecal coliform and suspended solids exceeded permissible limits. Both ground and river water must be treated properly before distribution for drinking purpose. Finally, the Padma is recommended as the most sustainable drinking water source for Rajshahi City Corporation area. Keywords: Rajshahi City; Ground water; Surface water; Quality control. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4093                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 579-586 (2010) 

scholarly journals Assessment of Fluoride in Groundwater and Surface Water in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036
Author(s):  
Aseem Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Groundwater Source

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

scholarly journals Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
L.A. Deryabkina ◽  
◽  
B.I. Marchenko ◽  
N.K. Plugotarenko ◽  
A.I. Yukhno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Organic Chlorine ◽  
Deep Purification

In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.

scholarly journals Levels of reactive nitrogen in surface and ground water samples obtained from different parts of Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Anowar K Parvez ◽  
Mahfuza Marzan ◽  
Syeda Moriam Liza ◽  
Zia Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
High Level ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Different Parts

A total of 114 water samples collected from different parts of Bangladesh were analyzed for the level of reactive nitrogen species NO3 and NH3. Nitrate was determined in 20 surface water, 28 motorized deep tube well and 66 hand operated tube well samples. Ammonia was determined in 18 surface water, 14 deep tube well and 49 hand operated tube well samples. These sites were randomly selected. Nitrate levels were found to be generally low (below 3 mg/l) in 112 of the 114 samples tested, which is much below permissible level of 10 mg/l of drinking water in Bangladesh. Ammonia concentration was, however, found to be about 4 mg/l in majority of the samples tested which is higher than maximum permissible limit of 0.5 mg/l in drinking water. Possible reasons for low level of nitrate and relatively high level of ammonia in surface and ground water samples in Bangladesh is discussed DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i1.20214 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 1, 75-82, 2014

Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. T. Miettinen ◽  
O. Zacheus ◽  
C-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
T. Vartiainen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Public Water Systems

Fourteen waterborne epidemics occurred in Finland during 1998-1999. About 7,300 illness cases were registered in these outbreaks. All except one of the waterborne epidemics were associated with undisinfected groundwaters. An equal number of waterborne epidemics occurred in public and private water systems, but most cases of illness occurred in public water systems. The three largest epidemics comprised 6,700 illness cases. Insufficient purification treatment unable to remove Norwalk-like viruses caused the only waterborne epidemic in a surface water plant. The main reasons for groundwater outbreaks were floods and surface runoffs which contaminated water. Norwalk-like viruses caused eight and Campylobacter three of the outbreaks. In two cases the epidemic ceased by the exhaustion of susceptible persons in the exposed community but in most cases it was terminated by changing the water source, boiling the drinking water, and starting chlorination.

scholarly journals Rainwater as an alternative drinking water source for the Chronic Kidney Disease Of Uncertain etiology (CKDu) prone areas: a case study for Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-548
Author(s):  
V. M. Jayasooriya ◽  
V. M. M. Perera ◽  
S. Muthukumaran
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a fatal disease that causes death from kidney failure due to unknown risk factors and has already affected more than 400,000 people in the rural agricultural landscape (dry zone) of Sri Lanka. The major drinking source in Sri Lanka is groundwater and it is suspected that the pollution of groundwater sources due to agricultural means has a major impact on CKDu. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether rainwater can be used as an alternative safe drinking water source in Girandurukotte area, Sri Lanka, which is known to be an area endemic for CKDu. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed to compare the water quality parameters of three water sources (groundwater, surface water, and rainwater) for Girandurukotte area. The most common storage tanks in polyethylene (PE) and ferrocement (FC) were compared to assess the influence of the material of rainwater tank on water quality. The results showed that there is a significant difference in rainwater in terms of water quality compared to groundwater and surface water. Rainwater in FC and PE tanks showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for some parameters however, they were still within accepted potable drinking water standards.

scholarly journals Quality of Drinking Water in the Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Temirkhan Ospan ◽  
Azamat Mukhitdinov ◽  
Timur Elebessov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growth Economic

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

scholarly journals Serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigens among women using riverbank-filtered water, conventionally filtered surface water and groundwater in Hungary

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd Frost ◽  
Tim Muller ◽  
Gunther Craun ◽  
Kádár Mihály ◽  
Berencsi György ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Riverbank Filtration ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Confined Aquifer ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intensity Of Response

We compared serological responses to Cryptosporidium parvum antigens using surplus sera from females undergoing routine screening for pregnancy from three counties in Hungary where bank-filtered surface water, conventionally filtered and disinfected surface water, and groundwater from either a karst or confined aquifer are commonly used for drinking water. The primary purpose was to determine whether the prevalence and intensity of serological responses, indicators of prior Cryptosporidium infection were similar for these populations. Women using groundwater from a confined aquifer had significantly lower mean serological responses for both the 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa (p<0.0001) antigen groups than women using conventionally filtered and disinfected surface water or karst well water. This is suggestive of less frequent infections. Women using bank-filtered water also had lower mean responses for both antigen groups. Among women using bank-filtered water, the mean intensity of response for both antigen groups was almost one-third of the mean response observed for women using conventionally filtered and disinfected surface water. These findings suggest that riverbank filtration may be an effective alternative to conventional treatment for reducing Cryptosporidium exposures and infection from surface drinking water sources.

scholarly journals Context and Prospect of Water Safety Plans in Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Amin ◽  
CK Paul ◽  
A Parvez ◽  
MAI Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Study results showed that deep tube well and shallow tube well water were used for drinking purposes by 31.43% and 24.29% respondents respectively where as minority of the respondents use other sources. Perception about the safe drinking water for the respondents was found mostly 63% among all the respondents followed by moderately safe 21%. About 54.29% respondents were found to be fully satisfied about their drinking water followed by moderately satisfied 30%. Among all the beneficiaries, 82.86% beneficiaries indicated communication materials like booklet, leaflet, poster, manuals, etc were available. This investigation found 83.33% rain water harvesting plant was in high risk where as, 66.67% deep tube well water source was in high risk category. The chances of contamination were high in the period of covering the water vessels during storage of water was 64.71%. About 89% respondents among all the official respondents did not receive the water safety plans training. About 66.67% officials responded that no sanitary inspection was done. Most of the respondents (78.57% beneficiaries and 76.19% organizational personnel) had high perception about the selected benefits of water safety plans. Among all the officials and beneficiaries that 75.71% beneficiary and 66.67% organizational personnel had high perception in selected limitations to implement the water safety plans. Finally 95.24% organizational personnel and 81.43% beneficiaries had high perception about the selected necessities to successful implementation of water safety plans in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10136J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 61-71, 2011  

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