scholarly journals Quality of Drinking Water in the Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Temirkhan Ospan ◽  
Azamat Mukhitdinov ◽  
Timur Elebessov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growth Economic

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

scholarly journals Uji Bakteri Coliform dan (Escherichia coli) pada Air Tercemar Dengan Penggunaan Susunan Filter

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Linda Purwanti ◽  
Ahmad Syauqi ◽  
Saimul Laili
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Normally Distributed

Clean water is a serious problem in Indonesia, the availability of clean water has shrunk drastically due to deteriorating environment and pollution. Drinking water that meets safety standards is increasingly scarce. More than 100 million people need safe water sources. Filter media is able to remove chemicals in water such as turbid, odor, oily, yellowish, rusty and muddy making it unfit for consumption. In addition, the purpose of the clarification results must also be considered whether to drink household needs or other needs. This study uses Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) media and petrifilm media. Petrifilm results show that it is very easy to count the bacteria Colifrom and Escerichia coli using petrifilm media. From the analysis of calculations using the Paired Samples T-Test on the sample before filtering and after filtering it was obtained the Tcount value of 2.28 with a P value 0.015 which showed very successful or significant results between the samples before and after the filter. In this analysis have normally distributed data with a significant value of P = 0.015 (<0.05). In this case the Paired Samples T-Test was tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and the results were obtained in the form of a P value of <.001 which would indicate that the data was normally distributed, indicated by a P value <0.05. The filter on this filter is very useful for filtering on Escerichia coli bacteria because this filter removes the bacteria, but Colifrom bacteria can still escape the use of the filter, because it depends on environmental conditions. Colifrom and Escerichia coli bacteria occur is seen from the relationship between sources of pollution such as, for example, such as septic tanks, distance of wells with waste, trash, and livestock pollution. The quality of drinking water is very close to the presence of Colifrom and Escerichia coli bacteria which are likely to have pathogenic bacteria that are harmful to health in the quality of well water. Water samples to be observed using well water using 2 treatments as many as 12 repetitions. Thus the total sample obtained as many as 24 water samples will be observed. While the test making of Lauryl Triptose Broth medium was observed by incubating 48 hours at 35oC + gas. Before making the test tube medium must be sterilized first. Subsequent tests were observed with a petrifilm medium to determine the presence or absence of Colifrom and Escherichia coli bacteria by looking at the color of the battery being sought. Keywords: Drinking Water, Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli    

scholarly journals Microbiological Analysis of Tube-Well Water in a Rural Area of Bangladesh

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 3328-3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Islam ◽  
A. Siddika ◽  
M. N. H. Khan ◽  
M. M. Goldar ◽  
M. A. Sadique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
The World ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Five tube-wells in Matlab, Bangladesh, were selected for analysis of selected biophysicochemical parameters. The results showed that all tube-well water samples contained zooplankton and bacteria. Results for some of the parameters were outside the accepted limits recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking water. It is concluded that water from tube-wells should be treated if used as drinking water.

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Drinking Well Water near Dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
K.O. Yusuf ◽  
I.B. Sadiku ◽  
O.S. Abioye
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to determine the quality of drinking well water near dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje, Ilorin, Kwara State. Open wells near dumpsite could be polluted due to percolation of chemicals from the decomposition of refuse and scraps of electronic boards having potential of causing diseases to man. Most people at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin depend on open wells near dumpsite for drinking water during dry season. Water samples were collected from seven open wells (W1 - W6) 9.2 - 18.2 m away from dumpsite and the control well W7 was 45.0 m away from the dumpsite. Physicochemical and bacteriological properties were determined from the water samples during dry season (March, 2019) and rainy season (July, 2019). Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead, Feacal coliform were not detected during dry season but only Feacal coliform was not detected in the water during rainy season. All the values of physicochemical properties of the water were within WHO permissible limits except Iron and Cadmium that above the limits which could cause diseases to mankind. Values of Iron during dry season for six well sources were 3.61, 4.02, 4.26, 3.25, 5.14 and 7.24 mg/L while values for rainy season and control were 0.715, 1.410, 0.650, 0.049, 0.780, 1.110 and 0.775 mg/L(control) but WHO limits is 0.03mg/L. Concentrations of Cadmium in the water during rainy season were 0.010, 0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.015, 0.015 and 0.02mg/L(control) but WHO limit is 0.003 mg/L. This study revealed that the water is suitable for consumption during dry season but unsuitable during rainy season. Keywords: well water quality, groundwater pollution, water diseases, dumpsite

scholarly journals Assessment of groundwater quality in Khulna city of Bangladesh in terms of water quality index for drinking purpose

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Mahmud ◽  
Shraboni Sikder ◽  
Jagadish Chandra Joardar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Drinking Purpose

Abstract Valuation of water quality index (WQI) is one of the simplest, easily understandable, and efficacious techniques to evaluate the quality and suitability of water for drinking as well as other purposes. This research was aimed to investigate the drinking water quality of tube wells from different areas in Khulna City, Bangladesh, by developing the WQI. Water samples from 59 tube wells were collected from different locations during the pre-monsoon time. pH, electric conductivity (EC), dissolve oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid (TDS), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), and total hardness of the collected water samples were analyzed for the calculation of WQI. The mean value for pH, EC, DO, TDS, Cl−1, NO3−, and total hardness was 7.30, 1650 μS/cm, 1.60 mg/l, 1188.7 mg/l, 414.6 mg/l, 0.029 mg/l, and 52.03 mg/l, respectively. The calculated WQI values for individual places were distributed spatially through mapping by using ArcGIS software. Based on the WQI values, the drinking water was categorized into excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unfit for drinking purposes. The calculated WQI values ranged from 40.11 to 454.37 with an average value of 108.94. Among all the groundwater samples, 11.86% were excellent, 54.24% were good, 23.73% were poor, 1.69% were very poor, and 8.47% were unfit for drinking purpose based on WQI. The results showed that the groundwater quality of most of the studied areas of Khulna city could be considered safe and suitable for drinking barring the elevated EC and chloride content in some areas. Since Khulna city is situated in the southwestern part of Bangladesh and gradually approaches toward the base level of the Bay of Bengal which might be the source of salt concentration in the groundwater of Khulna city, Bangladesh.

Pot chlorination of shallow wells in a peri-urban community in Kenya: an effectiveness trial

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-571
Author(s):  
Krista Vandermeer ◽  
Robert Dreibelbis ◽  
Daniel Obote Akoko ◽  
Richard D. Rheingans
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Well Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Local Residents

The effectivenss of pot chlorination to continously treat shallow wells in a peri-urban community in Kisumu, Kenya, was evaluated. A total of 30 shallow wells used by local residents were identified. Half were randomly allocated to be treated by pot chlorination, while the remainder served as the control group. Residual free chlorine (RFC) and the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were measured in all wells before chlorination and at repeated intervals over a 14-day period. Although there was a reduction in E. coli levels in the intervention wells post-chlorination, there was no difference in the percentage of wells in each group meeting WHO drinking water guidelines of 0 E. coli CFUs/100 ml on day 7 (p = 0.444) or day 14 (p = 0.188). While the intervention was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the percentage of chlorinated wells meeting the WHO guidelines for RFC of at least 0.5 mg/l (41.7%) compared to control wells on day 7 (p = 0.010), by day 14 there was no detectable difference between the two groups (p = 0.444). Pot chlorination of the shallow wells in this study did not improve the microbiological quality of well water to WHO drinking water standards and was not effective in maintaining the recommended RFC required for continuous disinfection.

scholarly journals Individual Water Sources and their Potential Effect on Human and Animal Health in Environmentally Burdened Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
T. Hrušková ◽  
N. Sasáková ◽  
Z. Bujdošová ◽  
A. Sobeková ◽  
E. Šubová
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source

AbstractThe quality of water in a well that serves as an individual drinking water source, located in the Slovakian region previously burdened with mining activities, was investigated in relation to the quality of surface water in the same region. Selected microbiological and physicochemical parameters were determined in samples of ground water (well) and surface water (brook and river). Plate counts of coliform bacteria, E. coli, enterococci and bacteria cultivated at 22 °C and 37 °C were determined. Microbiological quality of samples collected from the well was generally satisfactory. Examination of the samples of surface water (river) showed a significant organic pollution indicated by fluorescence spectra. In all water samples the values of: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium ions, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) were below the limits set by the state legislation. In the surface water, high levels of arsenic were found. The sum of calcium and magnesium in the well water was close to or below the recommended minimum level. In this well water, the level of antimony exceeded 10-fold the maximum limit for drinking water and was of the largest concern as this well water has been used for drinking, cooking, and watering of animals and vegetables for a long period of time. This poses a risk of accumulation of this metalloid in the food chain.

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

Barcelona's water supply improvement: the brine collector of the Llobregat river

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Martín-Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Public Work ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
Llobregat River

The Llobregat is a 156 km long river, which supplies 35% of the Barcelona's drinking water needs from the Sant Joan Despí Water Treatment Plant. Since the establishment of the Salt Mine Works in the Llobregat basin in 1923, a progressive salinization of the water sources has been recorded. The operation of the Brine Collector, as a public work carried out by Aigües de Barcelona (AGBAR), started in 1989; it enabled a very significant improvement in the quality of the surface water used for drinking-water production.

Enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water concentrates by laser-scanning cytometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zanelli ◽  
B. Compagnon ◽  
J. C. Joret ◽  
M. R. de Roubin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laser Scanning Cytometry ◽  
Direct Microscopic Observation

The utilization of the ChemScan® RDI was tested for different types of water concentrates. Concentrates were prepared by cartridge filtration or flocculation, and analysed either without purification, or after Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) or flotation on percoll-sucrose gradients. Theenumeration of the oocysts was subsequently performed using the ChemScan® RDI Cryptosporidium application. Enumeration by direct microscopic observation of the entire surface of the membrane was carried out as a control, and recoveries were calculated as a ratio between the ChemScan® RDI result and the result obtained with direct microscopic enumeration. The Chemscan enumeration technique proved reliable, with recoveries yielding close to 100% in most cases (average 125%, range from 86 to 467%) for all the concentration/purification techniques tested. The quality of the antibodies was shown to be critical, with antibodies from some suppliers yielding recoveries a low as 10% in some cases. This difficulty could, however, be overcome by the utilization of the antibody provided by Chemunex. These data conclusively prove that laser scanning cytometry, which greatly facilitates the microscopic enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water samples and decreases the time of observation by four to six times, can be successfully applied to water concentrates prepared from a variety of concentration/purification techniques.

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