scholarly journals Multi-Layer Means of Guiding a Large Displacement Microelectromechanical System

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Smith ◽  
Larry L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Large Displacement ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Transverse Motion ◽  
Microelectromechanical System

Large-displacment MEMS are susceptible to motion in off-axis directions, or motion deviating from the desired path of the device. The multi-layer means of guiding large displacement devices prevents the shuttle from moving away from the substrate, and effectively constrains the transverse motion; the guiding device does not inhibit the motion necessary for proper function of the device. The novelty of the device lies in the placement of the guide; positioning the guide inside of the the shuttle constrains the device without increasing the footprint size.

scholarly journals Design and Fabrication of a Kirigami-Inspired Electrothermal MEMS Scanner with Large Displacement

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Hashimoto ◽  
Yoshihiro Taguchi
Keyword(s):  
Fill Factor ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Microelectromechanical System ◽  
Stress Control ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
High Fill Factor ◽  
Optical Applications ◽  
Mems Process

Large-displacement microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanners are in high demand for a wide variety of optical applications. Kirigami, a traditional Japanese art of paper cutting and folding, is a promising engineering method for creating out-of-plane structures. This paper explores the feasibility and potential of a kirigami-inspired electrothermal MEMS scanner, which achieves large vertical displacement by out-of-plane film actuation. The proposed scanner is composed of film materials suitable for electrothermal self-reconfigurable folding and unfolding, and microscale film cuttings are strategically placed to generate large displacement. The freestanding electrothermal kirigami film with a 2 mm diameter and high fill factor is completely fabricated by careful stress control in the MEMS process. A 200 μm vertical displacement with 131 mW and a 20 Hz responsive frequency is experimentally demonstrated as a unique function of electrothermal kirigami film. The proposed design, fabrication process, and experimental test validate the proposed scanner’s feasibility and potential for large-displacement scanning with a high fill factor.

A Simple Transverse Motion Detector for Railguns

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Levinson ◽  
Stephan Bless
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Motion ◽  
Motion Detector

Interrelationship of Jatharagni and Dhatvagni in context to Dhatvagni Pradoshaj Vikaras.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor G. Satani ◽  
Hemang Raghvani ◽  
Kunjal Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Basic Concept ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Structural Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
One Step ◽  
Material Form

The concept of Agni is basic concept of Ayurveda. Agni is believed to be the agency for any kind of transformation. Maharshi Vagbhatta says that each of the Dosha, Dhatu, Mala etc. have their own Agni. This is how the number of Agni cannot be limited. Though each and every Agni has its own importance, Dehagni or Jatharagni is the most important one as all other Agnis are depended upon Dehagni. Acharya Vagbhatta says that proper function of every Dhatvagni is depended on the Jatharagni. Increase or decrease of Jatharagni directly affects the function of Dhatvagni. Thus, Maharshi Charaka established functional relationship among Jatharagni and other Agnis. Maharshi Vagbhattta goes one step ahead of Maharshi Charaka by using word “Amsha” means; moieties of Kayagni, located to in its own place, are distributed to and permeate to all the Dhatus. A decrease of it (below the normal) makes for an increase of the Dhatus, while an increase of it (above the normal) makes for a decrease of a Dhatus. This shows structural relationship too, between Jatharagni and Dhatvagni as “Amsha” always indicates Murtatva or material form. Further more all these Agnis are connected with each other and due to this relationship, vitiation of Jatharagni results in vitiation of all the other Agnis.

Must Functionalists Be Aristotelians?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Koons ◽  
Alexander Pruss
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Computing System ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Causal Powers ◽  
Normative Language ◽  
Functionalist Theory ◽  
Mental Properties ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
Aristotelian Tradition

Functionalism in the theory of mind requires an account of function that has a normative component—mere conditional connection (whether indicative or sub-junctive) is not enough. For instance, a component of a computing system isn’t an adder just in case its output is always or would always be the sum of the inputs, since any computing system in a world with as much indeterminism as ours can err or malfunction. Two general reductions of normative language have been proposed that one might wish to apply to the problem of defining proper function: the evolutionary reduction (Wright, Millikan) and the agential reduction (Plantinga). We argue that whatever the merits of the reductions in other contexts, a functionalist theory of mind that defines proper function in either of these ways must fail. The argument proceeds by first showing the agential reduction is viciously circular in the context of a functionalist theory of agency. Second, if functionalism about mind is true and proper function is reducible evolutionarily, then it is possible to have a situation in which the presence or absence of mental properties depends in an implausibly spooky, acausal way on remote facts. It is plausible that the only currently avail-able way for the functionalist to meet these challenges is to accept irreducible end-directed causal powers of minds and/or their functional parts, in accordance with a broadly Aristotelian tradition.

scholarly journals Hypusination, a Metabolic Posttranslational Modification of eIF5A in Plants during Development and Environmental Stress Responses

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Péter Pálfi ◽  
László Bakacsy ◽  
Henrietta Kovács ◽  
Ágnes Szepesi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Deoxyhypusine Synthase ◽  
Deoxyhypusine Hydroxylase ◽  
Eukaryotic Translation

Hypusination is a unique posttranslational modification of eIF5A, a eukaryotic translation factor. Hypusine is a rare amino acid synthesized in this process and is mediated by two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Despite the essential participation of this conserved eIF5A protein in plant development and stress responses, our knowledge of its proper function is limited. In this review, we demonstrate the main findings regarding how eIF5A and hypusination could contribute to plant-specific responses in growth and stress-related processes. Our aim is to briefly discuss the plant-specific details of hypusination and decipher those signal pathways which can be effectively modified by this process. The diverse functions of eIF5A isoforms are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Implication of Contactins in Demyelinating Pathologies

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Ilias Kalafatakis ◽  
Maria Savvaki ◽  
Theodora Velona ◽  
Domna Karagogeos
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Myelinated Axon ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Myelinated Axons ◽  
And Function

Demyelinating pathologies comprise of a variety of conditions where either central or peripheral myelin is attacked, resulting in white matter lesions and neurodegeneration. Myelinated axons are organized into molecularly distinct domains, and this segregation is crucial for their proper function. These defined domains are differentially affected at the different stages of demyelination as well as at the lesion and perilesion sites. Among the main players in myelinated axon organization are proteins of the contactin (CNTN) group of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cell adhesion molecules, namely Contactin-1 and Contactin-2 (CNTN1, CNTN2). The two contactins perform their functions through intermolecular interactions, which are crucial for myelinated axon integrity and functionality. In this review, we focus on the implication of these two molecules as well as their interactors in demyelinating pathologies in humans. At first, we describe the organization and function of myelinated axons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, further analyzing the role of CNTN1 and CNTN2 as well as their interactors in myelination. In the last section, studies showing the correlation of the two contactins with demyelinating pathologies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of these recognition molecules in shaping the function of the nervous system in multiple ways.

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