One More Time about the Heart: Naive Anatomy in the Kazakh Language in Comparison with Russian and English

The naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, the nomadic Turkic people, has evolved over millennia and is based on knowledge about the anatomy of animals. Various mental properties, emotions are attributed to the internal organs of a person, which is reflected in the metaphorical and metonymic use of their names and idioms. The article examines the somatism jurek (‘heart’) in the Kazakh naive anatomy which denotes the second most important internal organ, giving way to the primacy of the liver, the most important organ from the point of view of nomads. The carriers of Russian-speaking and English-speaking cultures consider the heart as the most important internal organ. The complex of meaningful features is determined, showing the universality of the conceptualization of jurek/ serdtse/ heart, while a number of descriptors demonstrate the peculiarity of the naive-anatomical views of the Kazakhs.

Diderot, Reid e l’esperienza percettiva. Compensazioni sinestetiche, linguistiche ed estetiche

Sensible qualities, not presumed abstract or pure aesthetic properties, are the main source for the Diderot’s and Reid’s aesthetic theories. Both authors work on the perceptual activity in normal situations and in blind people’s cognitive experience.This essay is aimed at emphasizing both the connections between perceptual activity and aesthetic experience and the role of aesthetic devices in the cognitive life. In Diderot sensible qualities are connected to emotions; in Reid they are the natural signs of emotions and mental properties. This kind of relationship is the key to interpreting how cognitive activity is configured as an aesthetic experience because of the sensible qualities’ role.

Cross-cultural framework of anthropomorphism toward robots. Differences across cultures and ontological limits in current frameworks.

Anthropomorphism describes the tendency to ascribe nonhuman agents with characteristics and capacities such as cognitions, intentions, or emotions. Due to the increased interest in social robotic, anthropomorphism has become a core concept of human-robot interaction (HRI) studies. However, the wide use of this concept resulted in an interchangeability of its definition along with a lack of integrative approaches. In the present study, we propose a framework of anthropomorphism encompassing three levels of integration: cultural (i.e. animism beliefs), individual (i.e. mentalization, spiritualization, humanization tendencies), and attributional (i.e. cognition, emotion, intention attributions). We also acknowledge the westernized bias of the current view of anthropomorphism and develop a cross-cultural approach. In two studies, participants from different cultures completed various tasks and questionnaires assessing their animism beliefs, individual tendencies to imbue robots with mental properties (i.e. mentalization), spirit (i.e. spiritualization), and consider them as more or less human (i.e. humanization). We also evaluated their attributions of mental anthropomorphic characteristics to robots (i.e. cognition, emotion, intention). Our results demonstrate, in both experiments, that the three levels model reliably explain the collected data and that culture modulates the integration point of the cultural beliefs at the individual level. In addition, in experiment 2, the analyses show a more anthropocentric view of the mind for Western than East-Asian participants do. As such, Western perception of robots depends more on humanization while mentalization is the core of the East-Asian participant model. We further discuss these results in relation to the anthropomorphism literature and argue for the use of integrative cross-cultural model in HRI research.

Emergence and Complexity

The chapter argues that Beckett’s exploration of the mind is not just complicated, but targets non-linear, interacting, networking dynamics in cognition that, according to contemporary theories of complexity, classify the mind as a proper complex system. Within contemporary cognitive science and philosophy of mind, it is increasingly suggested that the brain should be regarded as a complex system (see, e.g., Gazzaniga 2012): as the physical site of decentralized interactions and distributed, looping causality among its neurons. Within this complex account of human cognition, also the mind and its mental properties, including consciousness and a sense of self, have been interpreted through the conceptual lenses of complex system theory. Theories of complexity in cognition, therefore, can help us thread together, and collectively reconsider, all the cognitive dynamics, patterns of emersions, and laws of the mind that Beckett has modeled when exploring consciousness and subjective experience. An emergentist reappraisal of prior chapters should give us a more complex, more global interpretation of Beckett’s early call for a formal access to (as a modeling exploration of) the “recondite relations of emergal” (D, 16) within human cognition. Also, it should support an interpretive shift from a view of Beckett as a complicated author to an account of him as an explorer of the mind’s complexity. The chapter begins by addressing the kind of problems complexity poses to modeling in general, and to narrative modeling in particular.

Peculiarities of the Semantic Component of Communication Activities in Preschoolers with Developmental Delay

The article examines the peculiarities of the semantic component of communication activity of preschoolers with developmental delay. We have determined that an emotional attitude to an interlocutor introduced into communicative actions, together with the understood meanings of created messages, means transition to the semantic level of communication. We have theoretically and experimentally substantiated that this semantic level presupposes that an interacting subject is able to express emotional attitudes towards partners, to interpret and understand their mental states, which contribute to an understanding of any event or socio-communicative situation. To study the semantic level (component) of communication activities, we examined implicit and explicit mentalization. Implicit mentalization included the respondents’ assessment of the mental properties of objects proposed as partners; recognition by them of emotions and mental causes of these emotions in socio-communicative situations. Explicit mentalization means the respondents’ ability to understand causes of behaviour based on knowledge of people’s mental states, the ability to predict other people’s behaviour based on knowledge of their own and others’ mental states, the ability to understand the moral and ethical aspects of the Other’s behaviour. We have determined experimentally that children with the mentally deficient type of communication activity are characterized by difficulties in communicative prediction, misunderstanding of the causes of behaviour, low level of implicit and explicit mentalization. Hence, these children often get into conflict situations due to misconceptions about the results of their own actions or the actions of others. The identified patterns of implicit and explicit mentalization will be the basis for the technology forming communicative activity, in particular its semantic component in preschoolers with developmental delay.

THE PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL QUALITIES OF MILITARY SERVICES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE READINESS TO PERFORM SERVICE AND COMBAT TASKS

В настоящее время большую роль в освоении военной специальности играет личность каждого военнослужащего. Рассматривается личность военнослужащего с психологической стороны через сущность основных психических свойств, к которым относятся направленность, темперамент, характер и способности. Изучены немаловажные для военнослужащего волевые и эмоциональные качества личности, позитивные и негативные привычки, военно-профессиональная воспитанность военнослужащего, отражающаяся в его дисциплинированности. Раскрыто понятие профессионализма как уровня освоения профессиональной деятельности, соответствующей имеющимся в мире стандартам и объективным требованиям. Определена зависимость успешности служебно-боевой деятельности военнослужащих от их профессионализма. Описана структура военно-профессиональной компетентности, осознание которой каждым военнослужащим способствует раскрытию их творческого потенциала в пользу военной деятельности, мотивирует на успешное выполнение служебно-боевых задач. Приведены результаты проведенного анализа по изучению уровня готовности к выполнению служебно-боевых задач различными категориями военнослужащих. Полученные данные указывают на высокую степень готовности офицеров, принявших участие в эксперименте, к выполнению служебно-боевых задач. Военнослужащие по контракту и курсанты, принимавшие участие в эксперименте, показали уровень готовности к выполнению служебно-боевых задач, не выходящий за рамки показателя средних значений. Результат эксперимента подтверждает, что его участники обладают необходимыми профессиональными и личностными качествами, способствующими успешному выполнению стоящих служебно-боевых задач. Показатели готовности военнослужащих по контракту и курсантов, принимавших участие в исследовании, подталкивают к поиску путей повышения эффективности выполнения военнослужащими служебно-боевых задач повседневной деятельности. Currently, the personality of each serviceman plays an important role in the development of a military specialty. The article examines the personality of a serviceman from the psychological point of view through the essence of the main mental properties, which include: focus, temperament, character and abilities. The article considers the strong-willed and emotional qualities of the personality, positive and negative habits, the military-professional education of the soldier, which is reflected in his discipline, which are important for a serviceman. The concept of «professionalism» is disclosed as the level of mastering a professional activity that meets the existing standards and objective requirements in the world. The dependence of the success of service and combat activities of servicemen on their professionalism has been determined. The article describes the structure of militaryprofessional competence, the realization of which by each serviceman contributes to the disclosure of their creative potential in favor of military activity, motivates them to successfully perform service-combat tasks. The article presents the results of the analysis to study the level of readiness to perform service and combat missions by various categories of servicemen. The data obtained indicate a high degree of readiness of the officers who took part in the experiment to perform service and combat missions. Contract servicemen and cadets who took part in the experiment showed a level of readiness to perform service and combat missions that did not go beyond the average values. The result of the experiment confirms that its participants have the necessary professional and personal qualities that contribute to the successful fulfillment of the assigned service and combat missions. The readiness indicators of contract servicemen and cadets who took part in the study push us to look for ways to increase the efficiency of servicemen’s performance of service and combat tasks in their daily activities.

Theoretical analysis of approaches to the study of I-concept in the context of convicts’ correction

The relevance of the problem considered in the article is due to the need for effective implementation of convicts’ correction, the formation of their readiness to lead a law-abiding lifestyle after release, as well as a set of mental properties that determine the subjective need for lawful behavior in the main spheres of life. These goals can be achieved through the implementation of psychological support for correctional work with convicts. Psychological analysis of the reasons for committing crimes, current trends, scope and specifics of psychological work with persons serving sentences in correctional institutions requires studying the features of their "I-concept". The theoretical studies of the concept of "I-concept" in psychological science are analyzed, approaches to the relationship of I-concept with the concepts of "self-consciousness", "I-image", "self-esteem", "self-knowledge" are considered in the article. The author's definition of the concept of "I-concept" is presented: this is a complex holistic model in the relationship of all its structural elements in the context of their meaning and role to explain the significant psychological processes that occur with convicts at various stages of serving a sentence, and to determine the directions of an adequate differentiated psychocorrectional impact on convicts who have committed various crimes.

رنگوں کےذریعے امراض کا علاج: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

Allah Almighty has made the life of the world in the Universe perishable. Therefore, he has also made the lives of human beings, animals, birds and insects living on the earth eternal. For the end of their lives, Allah Almighty has made different causes according to his Sunnah. Among these causes of the decline of worldly life are also diseases. On the other hand Allah Almighty has also created means to take life to the appointed time. Among these causes are medicines which can be used to prolong the life of this world till the appointed time. Therefore, along with diseases, Allah Almighty has also revealed to human beings various methods of treatment for diseases. One of these methods is the treatment of colors. Different colors have different effects on human life. The proof of this is stated in the Holy Quran “The Said! Ask Allah to tell us what color it is. Musa Said! My Allah says: let its color be deep yellow, that it may please the beholders.” Since man is naturally endowed with beauty, Allah Almighty has adorned the universe with colors. This blessing is also mentioned in various places in the Holy Qur’an, as the Almighty says: “Do they not look at the sky above them, how we have made it and adorned it, and there is no crack in it?” “On top of these Paradises will be green garments of cherubim and silk rings and they will be adorned with silver bracelets”. The importance of colors has been mentioned in the Holy Quran. Keeping in view the importance of colors, Azimi Sahib has described the treatment of colors as a natural means of treatment. He has written “Treatment” “Color therapy” and “Theory of Color and Lights”. According to him, due to the excess and deficiency of colors, the human body suffers from various diseases. And if the deficiency and excess of the desired color in the body is corrected, the disease can be got rid of. Sunlight and rays help to eliminate abuse. Describing the mental properties of red, he has called it the color of courage and love. When things go awry and expectations are dashed, red dominates the mental center. The red color in the center of the red is an indication of abnormal emotional attachment or emotional trauma. People in the red color are in moderation, they help others and use all their abilities in their favorite hobbies.

FERRETS MAY LEARN AWARENESS IF THEIR OWN BODY LIMITS

"The study of the ability of self-awareness (self-awareness, the ability to perceive one's own body and mental properties separately from objects of the external world) in animals contributes to the study of the specifics of human consciousness. One of the aspects of self-awareness is body-awareness, which is expressed in the ability of an animal to take into account the physical parameters of its body when regulating behavior. We studied the ability of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to be aware of the limits of their own bodies. To solve the experimental problem, the animals had to choose holes suitable in size for penetration in the partition that divided the sections of the experimental setup. The shapes and sizes of the holes varied. We have used both small area holes that are suitable for penetration and large areas that are not suitable for penetration. It was found that all 6 animals participating in the experiment were able to choose a hole suitable for penetration from the first trial, despite the fact that it was smaller than the unsuitable one in area. In 18 test trials, ferrets made 105 successful penetrations and 3 unsuccessful attempts. This distribution differs from the uniform one (?2 = 97.25; df = 2; p <0.01). None of the individuals showed a significant reduction or increase in unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the holes This data may indicate that ferrets have knowledge of the boundaries of their bodies and the ability to compare them with the parameters of the penetration hole."

Response to Essays on Are We Bodies or Souls?

This paper consists of my responses to the comments by nine commentators on my book Are we Bodies or Souls? It makes twelve separate points, each one relevant to the comments of one or more of the commentators, as follows: (1) I defend my understanding of “knowing the essence” of an object as knowing a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions for an object to be that object; (2) I claim that there cannot be thoughts without a thinker; (3) I argue that my distinction of “mental” from “physical” events in terms of whether anyone has privileged access to whether or not they occur, is a clear one; (4) and (5) I defend my account of metaphysical modality and its role in defending my account of personal identity; (6) I defend my view that Descartes’s argument in favor of the view that humans are essentially souls fails, but that my amended version of that argument succeeds; (7) I claim that my theory acknowledges the closeness of the connection in an earthly life between a human soul and its body; (8) I argue that my Cartesian theory of the soul-body relation is preferable to Aquinas’s theory of that; (9) I argue that a material thing cannot have mental properties; (10) I argue that any set of logically necessary conditions for an object to be the object it is, which together form a logically sufficient condition for this, mutually entails any other such set; (11) I deny that a dualist needs to provide an explanation of how the soul has the capacities that it has; and finally (12) I defend my view that souls have thisness, and claim that that is not a difficulty for the view that God determines which persons will exist.