Investigating the Energy Content and Storability of Torrefied Corn Stover Based on Varying Reaction Time and Temperature

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Gerometta ◽  
Stephen P. Gent ◽  
Michael P. Twedt
Keyword(s):  
Corn Stover ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Time Profiles ◽  
Surface Areas

This study investigates the effects of torrefaction temperature and time on the energy content and storage stability of bio-char derived from corn stover feedstock. The batch torrefaction system in this study uses 91.4 cm × 25.4 cm diameter reactors with electrical heating elements to torrefy large samples of corn stover. The reactor is typically loaded with 0.5 kg samples of chopped corn stover (stalks, leaves, and cobs) with particle surface areas ranging from 0.5–2.4 cm2. The operating temperatures range from 230–340 degrees C, while the operating times range from 30–60 minutes. After each reaction trial, the energy content of the bio-char is quantified using the heat of combustion value obtained from bomb calorimeter tests on each of the samples. Values from these tests are compared to previous research to investigate the feasibility of larger-scale torrefaction reactions with mixed component stover. Temperature and time profiles are obtained from an Arduino output to investigate temperature behaviors during the reaction. The temperature and energy content can provide the basis for defining the phases of torrefaction. The long-term goal of this research is to assess the viability of producing a high energy, storable bio-char as well as a usable biogas from the torrefaction process of corn stover feedstocks. Since compounds within the corn stover have different reaction rates, a composition analysis of samples at various stages in torrefaction will indirectly provide information on the usability of the biogas and behaviors of organic compounds in the reaction. Therefore, the torrefaction conditions must be specified before moving forward.

scholarly journals Gebruik Van Euphorbia Tirucalli Als Rubberleverancier En Energiegewas

Afrika Focus ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
First Results ◽  
Very High Energy

The Possibilities to use Euphorbia Tirucalli as an Energy and Rubber Crop Euphorbia Tirucalli has been used as a source for natural rubber at different times in history, especially in southern Africa. The latex resin content is too high to guarantee a good quality product and economic production has never taken off as some had hoped. The fact that the plant is very well adapted to arid and semi arid conditions and can be grown on marginal waste lands makes it a potential energy crop which can be turned into biogas without too much investment in costly technology. The first results obtained in the laboratory and infield conditions (Senegal) are very promising. The latex contains a number of interesting triterpenes which have a very high energy content and could be used in fuel production. Most of these applications have been tested or used in Africa and can offer long-term solutions for old problems, particularly in the case of renewable energy through biomass fermentation.

scholarly journals The Possibilities to use Euphorbia Tirucalli as an Energy and a Rubber Crop

Afrika Focus ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
First Results ◽  
Very High Energy

Euphorbia tirucalli has been used as a source for natural rubber at different times in history, especially in southern Africa. The latex resin content is too high to guarantee a good quality product and economic production has never taken off as some had hoped. The fact that the plant is very well adapted to arid and semi arid conditions and can be grown on marginal waste lands makes it a potential energy crop which can be turned into biogas without too much investment in costly technology. The first results obtained in the laboratory and in field conditions (Senegal) are very promising. The latex contains a number of interesting triterpenes which have a very high energy content and could be used in fuel production. Most of these applications have been tested or used in Africa and can offer long-term solutions for old problems, particularly in the case of renewable energy through biomass fermentation.KEY WORDS: rubber, biomass, biogas, triterpenes, energy crop 

Further studies of the effect of dietary energy content on the voluntary intake of pigs

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
W. J. Ridgman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Short Period

1. Twenty-seven Large White pigs from three litters were involved in a 33 factorial experiment in which they were given three pelleted diets containing 0, 10% and 20% of dry sawdust during each third of an experimental period ranging from 29·5 to 118 kg live weight. The effects of these treatments on dry-matter intake and rate of growth in each sub-period and on the final carcass quality of the pig were studied.2. The results confirmed a previous finding that pigs developed a compensatory increase in intake in response to diets containing increasing amounts of sawdust, but that in small pigs this operates very poorly and leads to much retarded growth on the high sawdust diets.3. The compensatory intake mechanism took some time to develop after the pig had been put on to the sawdust diets, the delay being much longer in the smaller pig. Similarly, when the pigs were returned to high energy diets some time elapsed before intake returned to normal. During this time lag the pigs grew faster, as with compensatory growth, than when they had not previously been subjected to low energy diets.4. It is concluded that long-term observations must be made in order to investigate the nutrition of pigs fed ad libitum.5. Although energy intake can be restricted by giving low energy diets for a short period, this does not seem to improve carcass quality.

scholarly journals Анализ структурной эволюции порошков оксида цинка, полученных методом механического высокоэнергетического размола

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 1406
Author(s):  
И.А. Аверин ◽  
И.А. Пронин ◽  
Н.Д. Якушова ◽  
А.А. Карманов ◽  
М.М. Сычев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Bond ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Oxide Powders ◽  
Nitrogen Desorption ◽  
Average Size

AbstractZinc oxide powders made by mechanical high-energy grinding have been investigated using the methods of scanning electron microscopy, thermal nitrogen desorption, and Raman spectroscopy of infrared Fourier spectroscopy. Their structural evolution, including reduction of the average size of crystallites, increase in specific surface area, as well as changes in the number and ratio of adsorption centers, has been demonstrated. The data on the reconstruction of the surface of zinc oxide powders and multiple bond breaking in near-surface areas resulting from long-term dispersion have been presented.

Encapsulation of Reactive Nanoparticles of Aluminum, Magnesium, Zinc, Titanium, or Boron within Polymers for Energetic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Zeng ◽  
Calvin O. Nyapete ◽  
Alexander H.H. Benziger ◽  
Paul A. Jelliss ◽  
Steven W. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reactive Metal ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Nanoparticle Surface ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Primary Focus

Background: There is increasing academic and industrial interest in fabricating reactive metal and metalloid nanoparticles for a number of energetics applications. Objective: Because of inherent thermodynamic instability, the greatest challenge for producing such metal nanoparticles is to kinetically stabilize their high surface areas toward reactive atmospheric constituents. Such stabilization can effectively produce nanocomposite materials that retain their high energy content or other useful properties with a respectable shelf-life. The primary focus is to summarize methods of synthesis and characterization of these energetically valuable nanoparticles. Method and Results: Method and Results: A popular and convenient method to passivate and protect reactive metal nanoparticles is to either graft pre-assembled polymer molecules to the nanoparticle surface or use the reactive nanoparticle surface to initiate and propagate oligomer or polymer growth. Conclusion: Reactive nanoparticles composed of aluminum, magnesium, zinc, titanium, or boron may be effectively passivated, capped, and protected by a variety of organic polymers. Such treatment mitigates degradation due to atmospheric reaction, while retaining the unique properties associated with the metal-polymer nanocomposites.

1554: 6 Year Long Term Clinical and Urodynamical Outcome and Retreatment Rates of High Energy Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy: Multicenter European Pooled Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 410-410
Author(s):  
Christian Seitz ◽  
Bob Djavan ◽  
Michael Dobrovits ◽  
Matthias Waldert ◽  
Saeid Alavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

scholarly journals In-Situ Annealed Ti3C2Tx MXene Based All-Solid-State Flexible Zn-Ion Hybrid Micro Supercapacitor Array with Enhanced Stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Li ◽  
Weijia Liu ◽  
Kai Jiang ◽  
Di Chen ◽  
Fengyu Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Integrated Electronics ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Hybrid Supercapacitors ◽  
Portable Electronics

AbstractZn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (SCs) are considered as promising energy storage owing to their high energy density compared to traditional SCs. How to realize the miniaturization, patterning, and flexibility of the Zn-ion SCs without affecting the electrochemical performances has special meanings for expanding their applications in wearable integrated electronics. Ti3C2Tx cathode with outstanding conductivity, unique lamellar structure and good mechanical flexibility has been demonstrated tremendous potential in the design of Zn-ion SCs, but achieving long cycling stability and high rate stability is still big challenges. Here, we proposed a facile laser writing approach to fabricate patterned Ti3C2Tx-based Zn-ion micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), followed by the in-situ anneal treatment of the assembled MSCs to improve the long-term stability, which exhibits 80% of the capacitance retention even after 50,000 charge/discharge cycles and superior rate stability. The influence of the cathode thickness on the electrochemical performance of the MSCs is also studied. When the thickness reaches 0.851 µm the maximum areal capacitance of 72.02 mF cm−2 at scan rate of 10 mV s−1, which is 1.77 times higher than that with a thickness of 0.329 µm (35.6 mF cm−2). Moreover, the fabricated Ti3C2Tx based Zn-ion MSCs have excellent flexibility, a digital timer can be driven by the single device even under bending state, a flexible LED displayer of “TiC” logo also can be easily lighted by the MSC arrays under twisting, crimping, and winding conditions, demonstrating the scalable fabrication and application of the fabricated MSCs in portable electronics.

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