Opportunities for Implementation of FBC Boilers in Romania

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviu Dragos¸ ◽  
Mihu Giˆrjoaba˘ ◽  
Ca˘ta˘lin Flueraru ◽  
Nicolae Scarlat
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Biomass Resources

The evolution and current status of fluidized bed technology in Romania are presented. After a period of about 10 years when the FBC technology was rejected as a solution for power generation, due to the new environmental restrictions, the market is open again. Potential users are especially industrial units with high energy consumption, having combustibile wastes resulting from the technological processes. Two case studies are presented. The first is the utility from the city of Motru, producing thermal agent for the town district heating. It is currently equipped with one FB boiler (11.6 MWt hot water) and two pulverized coal boilers (50 t/h steam). The equipment is more than 40 years old, and is no longer acceptable in terms of thermal efficiency and pollutant emmissions. Taking into consideration the important biomass resources from the area, it was decided to build a new CFB boiler firing a mixture of local fuels — lignite and biomass waste. The second case study is ELECTROCARBON S.A. Slatina, the second important polluter from Olt county, producing carbon electrodes for use in metallurgy. Carbon waste resulting from the technological process have been deposited for many years in a nearby landfill, amounting to about 1.2 million tons. In spite of its high calorific value, because of the low volatile content and the grinding difficulties, little use was found for this material. Investigations are carried out to burn it in a fluidized bed boiler located near the site, that would replace two existing heat recovery steam generators producing electricity for the internal consumption.

scholarly journals Three combined pretreatments for reactive gasification feedstock from wet coffee grounds waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Isao Hasegawa ◽  
Tatsuya Tsujiuchi ◽  
Kazuhiro Mae
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Gasification Rate ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Coffee Grounds

Abstract In this study, a new pretreatment for using wet food biomass waste as a high calorific and reactive feedstock for gasification is presented. The method involves the addition of calcium hydroxide, hot water treatment, and dewatering in vegetable oil. Hot water treatment at 230°C reduced the oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of coffee grounds waste to improve the calorific value, but this treatment also formed an inactive cross-linked structure caused by dehydration reactions. By mixing the coffee grounds waste with calcium hydroxide powder before the hot water treatment, cross-linking was suppressed and the gasification rate of the char significantly increased because of the catalytic effect. With or without hot water treatment, the time required to complete gasification for the chars of the grounds mixed with calcium hydroxide was reduced to about one-third of that for the char of the untreated grounds. After heating in vegetable oil at 150°C, moisture was completely removed from the coffee grounds and they became impregnated with a large amount of the oil. As dewatering in oil did not affect the gasification rate of the chars, a combination of these three treatments was found to efficiently convert wet food biomass waste into a gasification feedstock.

scholarly journals Solar thermal and wind energy applications: Case study of a small Spanish village

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2163-2176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Ioakimidis ◽  
Sesil Koutra ◽  
Ali Bagheri ◽  
Konstantinos Genikomsakis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Energy Applications

The present work examines the supply of heating and electricity to the Spanish village of Uruena, using biomass and other local renewable sources as a result of the growing interest worldwide towards the development of sustainable and energy independent small communities. Specifically, this case study considers the design of a district heating system consisting of a solar heating plant, a biomass plant using straw as a sustainable fuel for the base load and an oil boiler for the peak load, coupled with a hot water tank as a thermal energy storage option. Two alternative scenarios are analyzed for electricity generation purposes, namely a system consisting of three small wind turbines and a system with a single large wind turbine. The results show that the cost of large-scale electricity storage depends on the application and often involves significant capital investments.

Multi-Criteria Analysis, Evaluation and Modeling of Future Scenario for the Energy Generation Sector — A Case Study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Aliakbar Mirmohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Behi ◽  
Alexander B. Suma ◽  
Björn E. Palm
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Solid Biomass

Renewable energy continues to attract much interest due to the depletion of fossil fuels and unsettled political disputes. This study aims to evaluate the current status of energy generation on the campus of Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e). Furthermore, it looks for ways for the TU/e to improve sustainability by finding and proposing alternative solutions. Therefore, a broad scope of various renewable energy sources (RES) has been investigated. From many aspects, the analysis of RES proves that biomass is the most appropriate source of renewable energy for the TU/e campus. Thus, the capability of harvestable biomass fuel in energy generation throughout a year has been investigated for this project, and it has been concluded that solid biomass waste from the campus can provide 1314 MWh heat load annually. In order to achieve as much energy from biomass as possible, a combined heat and power unit (CHP), in order to produce both heat and electricity for new student houses on the campus, has been modeled. Finally, the project results show that a small-scale CHP cycle is capable of producing 366 MWh electricity, as well as 772 MWh heat, annually.

scholarly journals Cooperation of the Organic Rankine system with a cogeneration steam power plant - case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00011
Author(s):  
Anna Bryszewska-Mazurek ◽  
Wojciech Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Steam Flow ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Steam Power Plant ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Selection Of

The cooperation of the ORC system with a cogeneration steam power plant has been considered. A district heating network is supplied from a bleeder turbine. An ORC system can utilize redundant heat, especially during the summer season, when only domestic hot water needs are served. The aim of the study was a selection of an extraction steam flow to produce the maximum electric power in an ORC system and also to cover the changing heating demand in the district heating network under consideration. Various values of extraction steam flows obtained from the bleeder turbine were considered. For a given extraction steam flow, the optimum ORC size has been adjusted. The average annual efficiency of the ORC was estimated at 0,12 (for the cyclic temperatures 120/35°C). The shortest simple payback time has been estimated at 4 years, assuming that heat from the bleeder turbine meats the heating demand throughout the year and thus the ORC system also operates throughout the year.

Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKLAS BERGLIN ◽  
PER TOMANI ◽  
HASSAN SALMAN ◽  
SOLVIE HERSTAD SVÄRD ◽  
LARS-ERIK ÅMAND
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cofiring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.

CONCEPTUAL POSITIONS OF MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING INEFFICIENT DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS

2017 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Ye.Ye. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Energy Management Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
District Heating Systems

The current situation in the sphere of district heating is analysed on the basis of use of the cognitive approach. The presence of closed chains of cause-effect relationships of negative factors and conflicts of target settings of the subjects in the field of district heating is shown. The conceptual model of energy efficient modernization of district heating systems is proposed. This model includes indicators of the current status of heat sources, networks and heat consumers, energetic and economic models, restrictions, procedure of forming and analysis of the mutual influence of the recommended projects. The quantitative data on indicators of the current state of district heating systems of the cities of Ukraine are presented. The interrelation between indicators of the current state and projects of energy efficient modernization of district heating systems is shown. Assessment of energy self-sufficiency of municipal district heating systems on condition of thermal modernization of buildings is carried out. The creation of energy management systems at the district heating enterprises is proposed. Bib. 6, Fig. 7, Tab. 5.

PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
O. M. Salamov ◽  
F. F. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

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