N+3 and N+4 Generation Aeropropulsion Engine Combustors: Part 1 — Large Engines’ Emissions

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hukam C. Mongia
Keyword(s):  
Potential Application ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Rich

A comprehensive assessment of emissions characteristics of the 1st, N and N+1 generation rich-dome combustion products has been done to identify the lowest emissions products. Focus of this paper is on the large rich-dome engines with its potential application for the (N+3) and (N+4) mixers with inspirational target takeoff NOxEI of 5 at 55 OPR. A total of ten engine models of the 1st generation were selected in addition to eight recently certified large engines. After evaluating several choices for conducting comparative assessment, the following three expressions were proposed for average takeoff NOxEI, idle COEI and HCEI entitlements, respectively: NOxEI L = 0.0288 × OPR 1.991 Idle COEI L = 815.36 Takeoff NOxEI L 1.159 Idle HCEI L = 0.15 × Idle COEI L - 2.0 In regard to application of the rich-dome technology to the (N+2) cycle based (N+3) mixers, the author tentatively gives it low probability of success barring success story stemming from Lee et al. [2012].

scholarly journals Antegrade Chronic Total Occlusion Strategies: A Technical Focus for 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum Creaney ◽  
Simon J Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Total Occlusion ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Chronic Total Occlusions ◽  
Initial Strategy ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Procedural Strategy ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Procedural Success

Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are common in patients with ischaemic heart disease. In many countries, patients with CTOs are underserved by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). One of the barriers to CTO PCI is the technical challenges of these procedures. Improvements in technique and dedicated devices for CTO PCI, combined with advances in procedural strategy, have resulted in a dramatic increase in procedural success and outcomes. Antegrade wiring (AW) is the preferred initial strategy in short CTOs, where the proximal cap and course of the vessel is understood. For many longer, more complex occlusions, AW has a low probability of success. Dissection and re-entry techniques allow longer CTOs and those with ambiguous anatomy to be crossed safely and efficiently, and CTO operators must also be familiar with these strategies. The CrossBoss and Stingray system is currently the primary targeted re-entry device used during antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR), and there continues to be an evolution in its use to increase procedural efficiency. In contrast to older ADR techniques, targeted re-entry allows preservation of important side-branches, and there is no difference in outcomes compared to intraplaque stenting.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Pharmaceutical Portfolio Optimization under Uncertainty of Cost and Return

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2339
Author(s):  
Mahboubeh Farid ◽  
Hampus Hallman ◽  
Mikael Palmblad ◽  
Johannes Vänngård
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Optimization ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Optimization Under Uncertainty ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents the study of multi-objective optimization of a pharmaceutical portfolio when both cost and return values are uncertain. Decision makers in the pharmaceutical industry encounter several challenges in deciding the optimal selection of drug projects for their portfolio since they have to consider several key aspects such as a long product-development process split into multiple phases, high cost and low probability of success. Additionally, the optimization often involves more than a single objective (goal) with a non-deterministic nature. The aim of the study is to develop a stochastic multi-objective approach in the frame of chance-constrained goal programming. The application of the results of this study allows pharmaceutical decision makers to handle two goals simultaneously, where one objective is to achieve a target return and another is to keep the cost within a finite annual budget. Finally, the numerical results for portfolio optimization are presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the disc components of our galaxy via kinematic and spectroscopic procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Karaali ◽  
S. Bilir ◽  
E. Yaz Gökçe ◽  
O. Plevne
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Total Space ◽  
Apparent Magnitude ◽  
Galactic Latitude ◽  
Thick Disc ◽  
Thin Disc ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Rich

Abstract We used the spectroscopic and astrometric data provided from the GALactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) Data Release (DR2) and Gaia DR2, respectively, for a large sample of stars to investigate the behaviour of the [ $\alpha$ /Fe] abundances via two procedures, that is, kinematically and spectroscopically. With the kinematical procedure, we investigated the distribution of the [ $\alpha$ /Fe] abundances into the high-/low-probability thin disc, and high-/low-probability thick-disc populations in terms of total space velocity, [Fe/H] abundance, and age. The high-probability thin-disc stars dominate in all sub-intervals of [ $\alpha$ /Fe], including the rich ones: [ $\alpha$ /Fe] $\,>\,0.3$ dex, where the high-probability thick-disc stars are expected to dominate. This result can be explained by the limiting apparent magnitude of the GALAH DR2 ( $V \lt 14$ mag) and intermediate galactic latitude of the star sample. Stars in the four populations share equivalent [ $\alpha$ /Fe] and [Fe/H] abundances, total space velocities, and ages. Hence, none of these parameters can be used alone for separation of a sample of stars into different populations. High-probability thin-disc stars with abundance $-1.3 \lt {\rm[Fe/H]}\leq -0.5$ dex and age $9 \lt \tau\leq13$ Gyr are assumed to have different birth places relative to the metal-rich and younger ones. With the spectroscopic procedure, we separated the sample stars into $\alpha$ -rich and $\alpha$ -poor categories by means of their ages as well as their [ $\alpha$ /Fe] and [Fe/H] abundances. Stars older than 8 Gyr are richer in [ $\alpha$ /Fe] than the younger ones. We could estimate the abundance [ $\alpha$ /Fe] = 0.14 dex as the boundary separating the $\alpha$ -rich and $\alpha$ -poor sub-samples in the [ $\alpha$ /Fe] $\,\times\,$ [Fe/H] plane.

scholarly journals Statistical Learning of Target Location Probability in Children and Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saebyul Lee ◽  
Su Keun Jeong ◽  
Injae Hong
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Probability Learning ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Target Locations

Learning environmental regularities allows us to make predictions and guide behavior. Growing evidence of location probability learning (LPL) has shown that the statistical regularity of target locations affects spatial attention allocation. However, past studies on LPL have mostly focused on adults’ learning. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of this learning, we investigated the effect of target location probability on 5- to 9-year-old children’s visual search in comparison with that of adults. Both children and adults responded faster when the target appeared in the high probability “rich” quadrant than in the low probability “sparse” quadrants of the search space. This attentional bias toward the rich quadrant persisted even when the target was equally likely to appear in all four quadrants. Importantly, the magnitude of the bias was constant across various ages of participants and did not depend on individual differences in executive functions. Taken together, these results provide novel and converging evidence that implicit statistical learning of target locations occurs early in development and remains stable until early adulthood, which is a distinct developmental pattern from explicit goal-driven spatial attention learning.

A SHORT ESSAY ON CONTENTMENT READ BY AMERICAN CHILDREN IN THE 1780'S

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-845
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
The Rich ◽  
American Children ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Divine Law

Early children's schoolbooks in this country leaned heavily On the belief that Divine Law foreordained a man's station in life. Not to accept this tenet led to discontentment and-even worse-pride and arrogance. The "contentment" that comes from accepting one's place in the social order is clearly described in a passage from one of the first children's readers written just after the American Revolution. Contentment Forget not that thy station on earth is appointed by the wisdom of the eternal; who knoweth thy heart, who seeth the vanity of all thy wishes, and who in mercy often denieth thy request; yet for all reasonable desires, for all honest endeavors, his benevolence hath appointed, in the nature of things, a probability of success. The uneasiness thou feelest, the misfortunes thou bewailest, behold the root from whence they spring, even thine own folly, thine own pride, thine own distempered fancy; murmur not therefore at the dispensations of God, but correct thine own heart; neither say within thyself, if I had wealth or power, or leisure, I should be happy; for know, they all of them bring to their several possessors their peculiar inconveniences. The poor man seeth not the vexations and anxieties of the rich; he feeleth not the difficulties and perplexities of power, neither the wearisomeness of leisure, and therefore it is that he repineth at his own lot. But envy not the appearance of happiness in any man, for thou knowest not his griefs. To be satisfied with a little, is the greatest wisdom; and he that encreaseth his riches, encreaseth his cares; but a contented mind is a hidden treasure, and trouble findeth it not.

Regulatory Hostage-taking and Shaming

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-116
Author(s):  
Angela Huyue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
National Development ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Bureaucratic Constraints ◽  
Chinese Court

This chapter examines the myth behind the paucity of appeals against antitrust agencies in China. The primary reason holding businesses back from defying Chinese antitrust authorities is not necessarily the perceived low probability of success in a Chinese court but rather the high transaction costs associated with such an appeal. Chinese antitrust authorities possess wide discretion over enforcement and can proactively apply it to entire firms to settle the cases. Firms operating in China, whether foreign or domestic, are likely to continue to interact with these agencies and their host ministries in the future. Businesses therefore avoid taking an aggressive and adversarial approach for fear of future retribution. In addition, Chinese government agencies are adept at using media strategies during enforcement. In several high-profile cases, the antitrust bureau at the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) deftly mobilized public sentiments through the state media, strategically shaming to prevent defiance of their orders, and relentlessly suppressing experts from voicing opinions that might threaten the legitimacy of its measures. In so doing, the NDRC was able to overcome its capacity and bureaucratic constraints, thereby quickly cementing its reputation as an astute and forceful regulator.

Contentment Defined for American Children in 1787

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-894
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Benjamin Franklin ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
The Rich ◽  
American Children

In 1787 a Philadelphia printer published a book for school children entitled "Miscellanies in Prose and Verse for the Improvement of Young Persons of Both Sexes." Benjamin Franklin expressed his approval of this book in these words: "A book containing so many well chosed sentiments and excellent instructions, put into the hands of our children cannot but be highly useful to the rising generation." The following is a lesson from this book: Forget not that thy station on earth is appointed by the wisdom of the eternal; who knoweth thy heart, who seeth the vanity of all thy wishes, and who in mercy often denieth thy requests; yet for all reasonable desires, for all honest endeavours, his benevolence hath appointed, in the nature of things, a probability of success. The uneasiness thou feelest, the misfortunes thou bewailest, behold the root from whence they spring, even thine own folly, thine own pride, thine own distempered fancy; murmur not therefore at the dispensations of God, but correct thine own heart; neither say within thyself, if I had wealth or power, or leisure, I should be happy; for know, they all of them bring of their several possessors their peculiar inconveniencies. The poor man seeth not the vexations and anxieties of the rich; he feeleth not the difficulties and perplexities of power, neither the wearisomeness of leisure, and therefore it is that he repineth at his own lot. But envy not the appearance of happiness in any man, for thou knowest not his griefs.

Holding a Mirror Up to the Self

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1259-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Toma ◽  
Olivier Corneille ◽  
Vincent Yzerbyt
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Low Probability

Similarity between partners entails positive consequences for cooperative interactions. But do people rely on this assumption to construe egocentric judgments about others? Five experiments examined the possibility that people project onto their partners because they believe that similarity to the self leads to success in cooperation. Studies 1a and 1b show that people hold an egocentric similarity belief in cooperation. Studies 2a and 2b test the existence of this belief in more indirect ways. The next three studies manipulate the applicability of the similarity belief and investigate its impact on projection. Study 3 finds that cooperation no longer leads to projection when participants expect a low probability of success. Study 4 replicates this effect in a real cooperative setting. Finally, Study 5 shows that projection occurs only when participants expect their characteristics to be responsible for the success of cooperation. The negative consequences of overestimating similarities in cooperation are discussed.

scholarly journals An Efficient and Cost-Effective Method for Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples from Powders

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1184-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiming Wen ◽  
Yaojun Lin ◽  
David N. Seidman ◽  
Julie M. Schoenung ◽  
Isabella J. van Rooyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Material ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Low Probability

AbstractThe preparation of transmission electron microcopy (TEM) samples from powders with particle sizes larger than ~100 nm poses a challenge. The existing methods are complicated and expensive, or have a low probability of success. Herein, we report a modified methodology for preparation of TEM samples from powders, which is efficient, cost-effective, and easy to perform. This method involves mixing powders with an epoxy on a piece of weighing paper, curing the powder–epoxy mixture to form a bulk material, grinding the bulk to obtain a thin foil, punching TEM discs from the foil, dimpling the discs, and ion milling the dimpled discs to electron transparency. Compared with the well established and robust grinding–dimpling–ion-milling method for TEM sample preparation for bulk materials, our modified approach for preparing TEM samples from powders only requires two additional simple steps. In this article, step-by-step procedures for our methodology are described in detail, and important strategies to ensure success are elucidated. Our methodology has been applied successfully for preparing TEM samples with large thin areas and high quality for many different mechanically milled metallic powders.

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