On Comparative Engine Performance Testing With Fiber Delivered Laser Ignition and Electrical Ignition

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Wilvert ◽  
Sachin Joshi ◽  
Azer Yalin
Keyword(s):  
Beam Quality ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Solid Core ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Nanosecond Pulses ◽  
Spark Plug

Laser ignition of natural gas engines has shown potential to improve many facets of engine performance including brake thermal efficiency, exhaust emissions, and durability as compared with traditional spark ignition. We present proof of concept of a novel fiber optic delivery approach using solid core multimode step index silica fibers with large cladding diameters (400 m core, 720 m cladding). The fibers were able to deliver high beam quality 25 nanosecond pulses of 1064 nm light with 7–10 mJ energy; sufficient to consistently ignite the engine at various air-fuel ratios and loads. Comparative tests between the laser spark plug and a traditional J-gap spark plug were performed on a single cylinder Waukesha Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine running on bottled methane. Performance was measured in terms of the Coefficient of Variation (COV) of Net Mean Effective Pressure (NMEP), fuel specific efficiency, and emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and total hydrocarbons (THC). Tests were run at three different NMEPs of 6, 8, and 12 bar at various air-fuel ratios. Results indicate successful operation of the fiber and improved engine performance at high NMEP and lean conditions.

Evaluation of Spark Plug and Timing Configurations on the Fuel Consumption, Combustion Stability, and Emissions of a Large-Bore, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Johnson ◽  
Marc Besch ◽  
Nathaniel Fowler ◽  
Robert Heltzel ◽  
April Covington
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Fuel Delivery ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Trade Offs

Emissions compliance is a driving factor for internal combustion engine research pertaining to both new and old technologies. New standards and compliance requirements for off-road spark ignited engines are currently under review and include greenhouse gases. To continue operation of legacy natural gas engines, research is required to increase or maintain engine efficiency, while reducing emissions of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde. A variety of technologies can be found on legacy, large-bore natural gas engines that allow them to meet current emissions standards — these include exhaust after-treatment, advanced ignition technologies, and fuel delivery methods. The natural gas industry uses a variety of spark plugs and tuning methods to improve engine performance or decrease emissions of existing engines. The focus of this study was to examine the effects of various spark plug configurations along with spark timing to examine any potential benefits. Spark plugs with varied electrode diameter, number of ground electrodes, and heat ranges were evaluated against efficiency and exhaust emissions. Combustion analyses were also conducted to examine peak firing pressure, location of peak firing pressure, and indicated mean effective pressure. The test platform was an AJAX-E42 engine. The engine has a bore and stroke of 0.216 × 0.254 meters (m), respectively. The engine displacement was 9.29 liters (L) with a compression ratio of 6:1. The engine was modified to include electronic spark plug timing capabilities along with a mass flow controller to ensure accurate fuel delivery. Each spark plug configuration was examined at ignition timings of 17, 14, 11, 8, and 5 crank angle degrees before top dead center. The various configurations were examined to identify optimal conditions for each plug comparing trade-offs among brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, methane, formaldehyde, and combustion stability.

On Comparative Performance Testing of Prechamber and Open Chamber Laser Ignition

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Joshi ◽  
Frank Loccisano ◽  
Azer P. Yalin ◽  
Dave T. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Laser Spark ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Engine Testing

Laser ignition is a potential ignition technology to achieve reliable lean burn ignition in high brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) internal combustion engines. The technology has the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions. This submission reports on engine testing of a Caterpillar G3516C stationary natural gas fueled engine with three types of ignition approaches: i) non-fueled electric prechamber plug with electrodes at the base of the prechamber (i.e., conventional ignition), ii) non-fueled laser prechamber plug with laser spark in the middle of the prechamber, and iii) open chamber plug with laser spark in the main chamber. In the second configuration, a stock non-fueled prechamber plug was modified to incorporate a sapphire window and a focusing lens to form a laser prechamber plug. A 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to create laser sparks. For these tests, a single cylinder of the engine was retrofitted with the laser plug while the remaining cylinders were run with conventional electric ignition system at baseline ignition timing of 24 degree before Top Dead Center (BTDC). The performances of the three plugs were compared in terms of Indicated Mean Effective Pressures (IMEP), Mass Burn Fraction Duration and Coefficient of Variation (COV) of IMEP, and COV of Peak Pressure Location. Test data show comparable performance between electric and laser prechamber plugs, albeit with a lower degree of variability in engine’s performance for electric prechamber plug compared to the laser prechamber plug. The open chamber plug exhibited poorer variability in engine performance. All results are discussed in the context of prechamber and engine fluid mechanics.

scholarly journals PERFORMA MESIN MOTOR BERBAHAN BAKAR ETANOL DENGAN PERUBAHAN KAPASITAS MESIN DAN 2 BUSI

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Majedi ◽  
Fredy Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Engine Capacity

ABSTRACTPetroleum reserves are running low. To solve this problem by optimizing the use of petroleum products, used ethanol for gasoline replacement. The motor is modified so that the use of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline can be done. This study aims to see the engine performance with changes in engine capacity and the use of 2 spark plugs. This research method is to modify engine capacity from 113,7 cc to 100,45 cc and use 2 spark plugs. Performance testing of 95% ethanol fuel modification engine with Dynometer test machine, to determine power, torque and fuel consumption. Performance modification of gasoline engine and 1 spark plug is also tested, then compared. The results showed that the power in the engine capacity of 100.45 cc with ethanol fuel 95% smaller 7.3% compared to the power on the engine capacity of 100.45 cc with fuel pertalite. Torque on the engine capacity of 100.45 cc with ethanol fuel 95% smaller 7.5% compared to torque on the engine capacity of 100.45 cc with fuel pertalite. Fuel consumption on 100.45 cc engine fueled ethanol 95% larger 43.6% compared to fuel consumption in the engine capacity of 100.45 cc with fuel pertalite.Keywords : Engine capacity, 2 spark plugs, ethanol, Power, torque.ABSTRAKCadangan minyak bumi mulai menipis. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan produk minyak bumi, digunakan etanol untuk pengganti bensin. Motor dimodifikasi agar penggunaan etanol sebagai pengganti bensin dapat dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat performa mesin dengan perubahan kapasitas mesin dan penggunaan 2 busi. Metode penelitian ini adalah memodifikasi kapasitas mesin dari 113,7 cc menjadi 100,45 cc dan menggunakan 2 busi. Pengujian kinerja mesin modifikasi bahan bakar etanol 95% dengan mesin uji Dynometer, untuk menentukan daya, torsi dan konsumsi bahan bakar. Performa modifikasi mesin bahan bakar bensin dan 1 busi juga diuji, kemudian dibandingkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Daya pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc dengan bahan bakar etanol 95% lebih kecil 7,3% dibandingkan pada daya pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc dengan bahan bakar pertalite. Torsi pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc dengan bahan bakar etanol 95% lebih kecil 7,5% dibandingkan torsi pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc dengan bahan bakar pertalite. Konsumsi bahan bakar pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc berbahan bakar etanol 95% lebih besar 43,6% dibandingkan konsumsi bahan bakar pada mesin berkapasitas 100,45 cc dengan bahan bakar pertalite.Kata kunci : Kapasitas mesin, 2 busi, etanol, Daya, torsi.

Laser Ignition of Methane-Air Mixtures at High Pressures and Diagnostics

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Kopecek ◽  
Soren Charareh ◽  
Maximilian Lackner ◽  
Christian Forsich ◽  
Franz Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Pulsed Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Induced Ignition

Methane-air mixtures at high fill pressures up to 30 bar and high temperatures up to 200°C were ignited in a high-pressure chamber with automated fill control by a 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. Both, the minimum input laser pulse energy for ignition and the transmitted fraction of energy through the generated plasma were measured as a function of the air/fuel-equivalence ratio (λ). The lean-side ignition limit of methane-air mixtures was found to be λ=2.2. However, only λ<2.1 seems to be practically usable. As a comparison, the limit for conventional spark plug ignition of commercial natural gas engines is λ=1.8. Only with excessive efforts λ=2.0 can be spark ignited. The transmitted pulse shape through the laser-generated plasma was determined temporally as well as its dependence on input laser energy and properties of the specific gases interacting. For a first demonstration of the practical applicability of laser ignition, one cylinder of a 1 MW natural gas engine was ignited by a similar 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The engine worked successfully at λ=1.8 for a first test period of 100 hr without any interruption due to window fouling and other disturbances. Lowest values for NOx emission were achieved at λ=2.05 NOx=0.22 g/KWh. Three parameters obtained from accompanying spectroscopic measurements, namely, water absorbance, flame emission, and the gas inhomogeneity index have proven to be powerful tools to judge laser-induced ignition of methane-air mixtures. The following effects were determined by the absorption spectroscopic technique: formation of water in the vicinity of the laser spark (semi-quantitative); characterization of ignition (ignition delay, incomplete ignition, failed ignition); homogeneity of the gas phase in the vicinity of the ignition; and the progress of combustion.

scholarly journals Comparison of The Use of Number and Type of Spark Plugs on One Cylinder Gasoline Machine Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fariza ◽  
Yuniarto Agus Wonoko ◽  
Umi Anis Ro’isatin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
The Difference

<p class="Judul">The basic concept of a combustion motor is to convert chemical energy into heat energy and then convert it to mechanical energy. Heat energy is produced from the combustion process between a mixture of fuel and air with a pressure difference triggered by  spark (flame). The objective is to determine the difference in power, torque, and average effective pressure by adding the number of spark plugs and using the standard type of spark plug and iridium on a single-cylinder engine. The engine performance testing method uses P-max to get power, while the analysis uses experimental design, the data processing method uses DOE-factorial and the Minitab application 18. Power test for a standard spark plug resulted in 7.93 HP, 0.89 kgm torque and 1207.66 kPa average effective pressure. For iridium spark plug the test produced 9.02 HP, it is  0.91 kg.m for torque and average effective pressure is 1226.32 Kpa. For two standard spark plugs, the power was 9.38 HP, torque was 0.93 kg.m, and the average effective pressure was 1269.96 kPa. Whereas the two iridium spark plugs produced 9.59 HP, 0.91 kg.m torque, and  1277.78  kPa average effective pressure.</p>

Laser Ignition of Methane-Air Mixtures at High Pressures and Diagnostics

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Kopecek ◽  
Soren Charareh ◽  
Max Lackner ◽  
Christian Forsich ◽  
Franz Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Pulsed Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Induced Ignition

Methane-air mixtures at high fill pressures up to 30 bar and high temperatures up to 200 °C were ignited in a high pressure chamber with automated fill control by a 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. Both, the minimum input laser pulse energy for ignition and the transmitted fraction of energy through the generated plasma were measured as a function of the air/fuel-equivalence ratio (λ). The lean side ignition limit of methane-air mixtures was found to be λ = 2.4. However, only λ < 2.2 seems to be practically usable. As a comparison, the limit for conventional spark plug ignition of commercial natural gas engines is λ = 1.8. Only with excessive efforts λ = 2.0 can be spark-ignited. The transmitted pulse shape through the laser-generated plasma was determined temporally as well as its dependence on input laser energy and properties of the specific gases interacting. For a first demonstration of the practical applicability of laser ignition, one cylinder of a 1 MW natural gas engine was ignited by a similar 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The engine worked successfully at λ = 1.8 for a first test period of 100 hours without any interruption due to window fouling and other disturbances. Lowest values for NOx emission were achieved at λ = 2.05 (NOx = 0.22 g/KWh). Three parameters obtained from accompanying spectroscopic measurements, namely water absorbance, flame emission and the gas inhomogeneity index have proven to be a powerful tool to judge laser-induced ignition of methane-air mixtures. The following effects were determined by the absorption spectroscopic technique: formation of water in the vicinity of the laser spark (semi-quantitative); characterization of ignition (ignition delay, incomplete ignition, failed ignition); homogeneity of the gas phase in the vicinity of the ignition and the progress of combustion.

On Comparative Performance Testing of Prechamber and Open Chamber Laser Ignition

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Joshi ◽  
Frank Loccisano ◽  
Azer P. Yalin ◽  
Dave T. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Laser Spark ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Engine Testing

Laser ignition is a potential ignition technology to achieve reliable lean burn ignition in high brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) internal combustion engines. The technology has the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions. This submission reports on engine testing of a Caterpillar G3516C stationary natural gas fueled engine with three types of ignition approaches: (i) nonfueled electric prechamber plug with electrodes at the base of the prechamber, (ii) nonfueled laser prechamber plug with laser spark in the middle of the prechamber, and (iii) open chamber plug with laser spark in the main chamber. In the second configuration, a stock nonfueled prechamber plug was modified to incorporate a sapphire window and a focusing lens to form a laser prechamber plug. A 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to create laser sparks. For these tests, a single cylinder of the engine was retrofitted with the laser plug while the remaining cylinders were run with conventional electric ignition system at baseline ignition timing of 24 deg before top dead center (BTDC). The performances of the three plugs were compared in terms of indicated mean effective pressures (IMEP), mass burn fraction duration and coefficient of variation (COV) of IMEP, and COV of peak pressure location. Test data show comparable performance between electric and laser prechamber plugs, albeit with a lower degree of variability in engine’s performance for electric prechamber plug compared to the laser prechamber plug. The open chamber plug exhibited poorer variability in engine performance. All results are discussed in the context of prechamber and engine fluid mechanics.

Precombustion Chamber Design and Performance Studies for a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Jessica L. Adair ◽  
Bryan D. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Precombustion Chamber ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Natural Gas Engine ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Lean Limit ◽  
And Performance

Precombustion chamber (PCC) ignition is a common method for extending the lean limit and reducing combustion variability in large bore (36–56 cm) natural gas engines. An important component that commonly fails and requires regular replacement, besides the spark plug, is the checkvalve. The checkvalve meters fuel flow into the PCC. In this program the use of an electronic valve for monitoring fuel to the PCC instead of the checkvalve is investigated. Metering the fuel into the PCC with an electronic valve provides a number of different options for improving performance in addition to the benefit of extended valve life. PCC nozzle design is also evaluated as a means for improving PCC and engine performance. Additionally, emissions formation in the PCC is evaluated through the use of a separate pressure transducer in the PCC and a fast sample valve that extracts gas from the PCC.

Pengembangan Mesin Pencacah Sampah/Limbah Plastik Dengan Sistem Crusher dan Silinder Pemotong Tipe Reel

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Junaidi - ◽  
Ichlas Nur ◽  
Nofriadi - ◽  
Rusmardi -
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Plastic Recycling ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
Lower Frame

Waste plastic mounting, but can be recycled into other products in the form of granules before further processed into pellets and seed injection molding process produces products such as buckets, plates, bottles and other beverages. To be processed into the required form of granules of plastic thrasher. Though so small plastic recycling industry is still constrained in plastic enumeration process because the machine used was not optimal ability. The purpose of this research is the development of the system thrasher plastic crusher and cutter cylinder-type reel and technical evaluation. This study was conducted over two years, the first year the design and manufacture of machinery, the second year is a technical evaluation of the engine, engine performance improvements and economic analysis of granular plastic products.From the results obtained engine design capacity of the machine ± 350 kg / h, the engine size is 50 cm x 120 cm x 30 cm, power motor of 10 HP at 1450 RPM rotation with 3 phase. Some of the major components of the engine that is, counter crusher unit consists of two counter rotating cylinders opposite, counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 58 cm, blade chopper Ø 17 cm x 2 cm with the number of teeth / blades 7 pieces and the number of blades along shaft 7 pieces, buses retaining Ø 10 cm x 2 cm. Counter-cylinder unit consists of a reel-type cutter counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 90 cm, the middle shaft mounted cylinder with Ø 17 cm x 40 cm as the holder of the chopper blades. Chopper blade consists of 4 pieces with a size of 40 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm with ASSAB materials. Furthermore, as the blade retaining bedknife shear force of the blade chopper, upper frame, lower frame, strainer, funnel entry, exit funnel, and the drive unit consists of an electric motor, reducer, belts, pulleys and 2 pieces of gear transmission. The results of performance testing machine crusher round cylinder 75 RPM and 1450 RPM reel-type cutting machine capacity ± 300 kg / h on the filter hole Ø 1.5 cm, with a 80% grain uniformity.

Effects of Natural Gas Compositions on Engine In-Cylinder Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 498-503
Author(s):  
La Xiang ◽  
Yu Ding
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Lower Maximum

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most promising alternative fuels of diesel and petrol because of its economics and environmental protection. Generally the NG engine share the similar structure profile with diesel or petrol engine but the combustion characteristics of NG is varied from the fuels, so the investigation of NG engine combustion process receive more attentions from the researchers. In this paper, a zero-dimensional model on the basis of Vibe function is built in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The model provides the prediction of combustion process in natural gas engines, which has been verified by the experimental data in the NG test bed. Furthermore, the influence of NG composition on engine performance is investigated, in which the in-cylinder maximum pressure and temperature and mean indicated pressure are compared using different type NG. It is shown in the results that NG with higher composition of methane results in lower maximum temperature and mean indicated pressure as well as higher maximum pressure.

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