Non-Oxidative Destruction of TNT, RDX, and HMX on Contaminated Soil Using Subcritical (Hot/Liquid) Water

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Hawthorne ◽  
Arnaud J. M. Lagadec ◽  
David J. Miller ◽  
Peter J. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Scale Unit ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Derivatives Of

Subcritical (hot/liquid) water was used in a simple static (non-flowing) vessel to treat three soils from former defense sites which were contaminated with the explosives TNT (12 wt.%), or RDX (0.62 wt.%) and HMX (0.16 wt. %). Significant degradation of RDX began at 100 C, and at 125 C for TNT and HMX, with the bulk of the undergraded explosives remaining in the soil rather than in the water phase. Based on HPLC/UV analysis, intermediate degradation products formed, but quickly degraded at < 250 C. Remediations performed using a generator-powered mobile pilot-scale unit (4 to 6 kg soil) with 4-L of water at 275 C for 1 h of real soils resulted in > 99.9% destrcution of TNT and HMX, and > 99.5% desstruction of RDX. None of the mutagenic nitroso derivatives of RDX and HMX were formed. “Microtox” acute toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri showed no significant (compared to background) residual toxicity in either the process wastewaters or leachates from the treated soils. The operation is closed-loop (no air or water emissions), and process water can be recycled without treatment. Initial cost analysis indicates that the process should be competitive with other approaches such as bioremediation.

Persulfate-mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin in Water Using Ultraviolet Light and Zero-valent Aluminum

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Tugba Olmez-Hanci ◽  
Idil Arslan-Alaton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Uv C

Aims: The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the PS/UV-C, PS/ZVA and PS/ZVA/UV-C processes in terms of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone type commercially important antibiotic, and toxicity abatements in raw surface water (RSW) and distilled water (DW). Background: The occurrence of ciprofloxacin (CIP), the most widely prescribed second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic, even at trace level (ng/L) gives rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes, which can further impair the selection of genetic variants of microorganisms and impose adverse effect on human health. Objective: The degradation and detoxification of ciprofloxacin with UV-C (PS/UV-C) and ZVA (PS/ZVA) activated PS oxidation systems were investigated in distilled water (DW) and raw (untreated) surface water (RSW) samples. Moreover, CIP degradation with the PS/ZVA/UV-C heterogeneous photochemical treatment combination was also studied. Methods: The process performances of the investigated treatment systems were evaluated in terms of CIP abatement and PS consumption rates as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiencies. The influence of common inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM) on CIP degradation was evaluated. Radical quenching experiments were conducted using probe compounds in order to elucidate the dominant reaction mechanism. In addition, acute toxicity of the original CIP and its degradation products were questioned by employing Vibrio fischeri (V. fischeri), the marine photobacterium, under optimized treatment conditions. Results: CIP was completely degraded in distilled water (DW) and raw (untreated) surface water (RSW) samples after 15 min of treatment with the PS/UV-C process (PS=0.25mM; pH=3; UVC= 2.7W/m2). PS/UV-C experiments conducted with RSW at its natural pH (=8.5) resulted in 98% CIP and practically no DOC removal whereas 56% DOC was removed at pH 3 after 120 min. Radical quenching studies revealed that sulfate radicals prevailed over hydroxyl radicals. CIP degradation was significantly inhibited by the presence of humic acid due to the effect of UV absorption and free radical quenching. Acute toxicity tests with V. fischeri exhibited fluctuating trends throughout the investigated processes and did not change appreciably after 120 min of oxidation. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that PS/UV-C is superior to the PS/ZVA and PS/ZVA/UV-C treatment systems for both DW and RSW samples in terms of CIP removal rates. No additional positive effect was evident for simultaneous catalytic and photochemical PS activation (PS/ZVA/UV-C treatment system). It could be also demonstrated that the selected oxidation processes conducted in pure water might give an idea about the advanced treatment systems but realistic conditions with actual water/wastewater matrices still need to be further investigated to verify their feasibility and ecotoxicological safety.

Control of sewage filter flies using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis—I. Acute toxicity tests and pilot scale trial

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J HOUSTON ◽  
B DANCER ◽  
M LEARNER
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

scholarly journals Landfill Leachate Toxicity Removal in Combined Treatment with Municipal Wastewater

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kalka
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Combined treatment of landfill leachate and municipal wastewater was performed in order to investigate the changes of leachate toxicity during biological treatment. Three laboratory A2O lab-scale reactors were operating under the same parameters (Q-8.5–10 L/d; HRT-1.4–1.6 d; MLSS 1.6–2.5 g/L) except for the influent characteristic and load. The influent of reactor I consisted of municipal wastewater amended with leachate from postclosure landfill; influent of reactor II consisted of leachate collected from transient landfill and municipal wastewater; reactor III served as a control and its influent consisted of municipal wastewater only. Toxicity of raw and treated wastewater was determinted by four acute toxicity tests withDaphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Vibrio fischeri,andRaphidocelis subcapitata. Landfill leachate increased initial toxicity of wastewater. During biological treatment, significant decline of acute toxicity was observed, but still mixture of leachate and wastewater was harmful to all tested organisms.

scholarly journals Ferrate (VI) Oxidation Is an Effective and Safe Way to Degrade Residual Colistin - a Last Resort Antibiotic - in Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqi Wang ◽  
Shiming Lv ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Baosheng Liu ◽  
Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria ◽  
Initial Ph

The rise of novel mcr mobile resistance genes seriously threatens the use of colistin as a last resort antibiotic for treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Large quantities of colistin are released annually into the environment through animal feces. This leads to environmental toxicity and promotes horizontal transmission of the mcr gene in aqueous environments. We examined colistin degradation catalyzed by the presence of strong oxidant Fe (VI). We found almost complete colistin degradation (&gt;95%) by Fe (VI) at initial colistin levels of 30 μM at a molar ratio of Fe (VI): colistin of 30 using an initial pH 7.0 at 25°C for 60 min. The presence of humic acid did not alter the degradation rate and had no significant impact on the removal of colistin by Fe (VI). Quantitative microbiological assays of Fe (VI)-treated colistin solutions using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis indicated that the residual antibacterial activity was effectively eliminated by Fe (VI) oxidation. Luminescent bacteria toxicity tests using Vibrio fischeri indicated that both colistin and its degradation products in water were of low toxicity and the products showed decreased toxicity compared to the parent drug. Therefore, Fe (VI) oxidation is a highly effective and environment-friendly strategy to degrade colistin in water.

Removal of organics from different types of landfill leachate by ozonation

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Žgajnar Gotvajn ◽  
J. Derco ◽  
T. Tišler ◽  
M. Cotman ◽  
J. Zagorc-Končan
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Ozonation Time ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this investigation was determination of feasibility of ozonation for treatment of leachates from municipal landfill. Efficiency of ozonation was determined for two leachates, different in age, composition and toxicity. We have studied the impact of ozonation time on removal of organics. The efficiency of treatment was monitored by COD, BOD5 and DOC analyses, removal of nitrogen compounds, as well as changes in toxicity. Therefore, acute toxicity tests with luminiscent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and nitrifying organisms of activated sludge (ammonium oxidation) were performed prior and after ozonation experiments. It has been confirmed that longer time of ozonation does not bring significantly better results regarding treatment of young leachate (36% in 20 minutes, 42% in 120 minutes). Two steps kinetics observed resulted in minor detoxification regarding luminiscent bacteria and no changes in effects to daphnids. More effective was ozonation of the stabilized leachate. Removal of COD reached 50% in 80 minutes and 65% in 120 minutes. Detoxification was also observed. Presented research confirmed, that ozonation itself was not effective treatment methods for investigated types of leachates for reduction of their hazardous impacts to meet regulatory effluent limits.

Toxicity evaluation of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry to aquatic organisms

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Tišler ◽  
Jana Zagorc-Končan
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects

The aim of our research was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry to some aquatic organisms. The toxicity of three 24h proportional samples of wastewater was determined with the acute toxicity tests using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri and daphnid Daphnia magna. The inhibition of bacterial luminescence was measured after a 30 min exposure period and the immobility of daphnids was determined after 24 and 48h. The chronic effects on daphnid survival and reproduction were observed for three weeks. The toxicity tests indicated that all investigated samples were acutely toxic to the organisms, but in each sample the responses of bacteria and daphnids were quite different. Acute and chronic effects on daphnids were observed when testing the first sample of wastewater, but no influence on bacteria was determined. The second sample was acutely toxic to both organisms. The third sample was toxic only to bacteria, while no influence on daphnid survival and reproduction was found. The reason for the different toxicity of the samples lay in their compositions. The comparison between chemical analyses and toxicity data showed that for daphnids the main cause of toxic effects was zinc.

Comparison of the sensitivities of fish, Microtox and Daphnia-magna bioassays to amoxycillin in anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Çelebi ◽  
D. T. Sponza
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Methane Production Rate ◽  
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Cstr System

In this study the anaerobic treatability of amoxycillin (AMX) was investigated in a laboratory-scale anaerobic multi-chamber bed reactor (AMCBR)/aerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and AMX removal efficiencies were around 94% in the AMCBR reactor at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) between 2.25 and 5.5 days. Decreasing the HRT appeared not to have a significant effect on the performance of the AMCBR up to a HRT of 1.13 days. The maximum methane production rate and methane percentage were around 1,100–1,200 mL/day and 55%, respectively, at HRTs between 2.25 and 5.5 days. The decrease in HRT to 1.5 days decreased slightly the gas productions (1,000 mL/day and 500 mL for total and methane gases) and methane percentage (45%). The AMCBR recovered back to its baseline performance within a couple of days. The acute toxicity of 150 mg/L AMX was monitored with Daphnia magna, Lepistes sp., and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests. The acute toxicity removals were 98, 96 and 96% for V. fischeri, D. magna and Lepistes sp. in the effluent of the sequential system treating 150 mg/L AMX at HRTs of 2.25–5.5 days. Among the trophic organisms used in the acute toxicity tests the most sensitive organism was found to be bacteria (V. fischeri) while the most resistant organism was found to be fish (Lepistes sp.).

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

The effects of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank on water quality and the toxicity thereof to Daphnia pulex

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesl Hill ◽  
Sebastian Jooste
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Route Of Exposure

With the increasing focus on environmental issues, the objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank - which receives acid mine drainage (AMD) inter alia - on biota. Direct transfer of chemicals from sediments to organisms is considered to be a major route of exposure for many species, and therefore focusing attention on sediment contamination and highlighting the fact that sediments are an important resource. Acute toxicity tests were performed on Daphnia pulex using both extracted sediment interstitial water and surface water. Chemical analyses were also performed on the sediment, interstitial water and surface water samples. The toxicity results suggest that metal toxicity adds significantly to the toxicity of the stream water which is enhanced by the effect of pH. The pH of the stream and interstitial water was consistently below 4.5.

Book Review: Acute Toxicity Tests: Possible Alternatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Michael Balls
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests
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