Economical and Environmental Aspects of the Microturbine’s Application in Brazil

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Eber Batista Gomes ◽  
Vladimir Rafael Melian Cobas ◽  
Marco Antoˆnio Rosa do Nascimento ◽  
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost

Microturbine generators have shown good perspectives for small scale distributed generation. In Brazil, the Thermal Systems Study Group of Federal School of Engineering of Itajuba´, sponsored by the CEMIG (Electrical Utility of Minas Gerais), is developing a project about experimental evaluation of microturbines systems. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the cost of generating electricity with microturbines and show the emissions range of microturbines operating with natural gas. The cost of the microturbine generators as well as the cost of the electricity and natural gas in Brazil at this moment and the projection for the future were considered.

World Gas Supplies for the Future: Questions and Answers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tissot ◽  
M. Valais
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Rise

The abundance of the worldwide resources of natural gas and its qualities as a “clean” fuel make it a major energy option for the future. However, the increasing distance of resources in relation to the major consuming zones should bring about a considerable development of international gas trade and also a very substantial rise in the cost of future supplies to major markets. Will these markets accept a new scale of value for natural gas in relation to other fossil fuels in order to ensure the economic viability of the formidable investments required in the coming decades is the most critical question of the gas industry, among many other technical, economic and political issues.

A Supercritical CO2 Combined Power and Liquefaction Cycle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffin Beck ◽  
David Ransom ◽  
Kevin Hoopes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Natural Gas Liquefaction ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Natural gas production has increased dramatically in recent years due to advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. There are still challenges that must be addressed by industry to better utilize these abundant natural gas resources. For example, due to the cost and complexity with piping installations from remote well sites to processing facilities (should they exist), natural gas is often flared at the site whereas the liquid hydrocarbons are stored in holding tanks. For the natural gas that is recovered and processed, there are currently economic benefits to exporting the gas to international markets, provided that the gas can be liquefied and shipped. While the number of liquefaction facilities has increased in recent years, additional liquefaction plants are needed. This paper introduces a novel liquefaction cycle that utilizes a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycle to provide power and initial stages of refrigeration to a natural gas liquefaction cycle. The liquefaction cycle uses a flow of CO2 extracted from the power cycle as well as natural gas to provide several stages of refrigeration capable of liquefying the process stream. The combined sCO2 power and liquefaction cycle is described in detail and initial cycle analyses are presented. The cycle performance is compared to small-scale natural gas liquefaction cycles and is shown to provide comparable performance to the reviewed cycles. Due to the compact nature of the sCO2 power cycle equipment, the sCO2 liquefaction cycle described herein can provide small, modular liquefaction plants that can be employed at individual well sites to liquefy and store the natural gas as opposed to flaring the gas.

Case Studies of Distributed Generation Projects With Microturbines in Brazil

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Eber Batista Gomes ◽  
Marco Antoˆnio Rosa do Nascimento ◽  
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Energy Company ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
The Cost

Microturbines have showed good perspectives for the distributed generation of the electricity in low capacity range, because they have high reliability and simple design (high potential for a cheap manufacture and in large scale). Besides, this technology must have a great application in systems of cogeneration of the public service (malls, hotel, hospital, etc.) and in the distributed generation of the electricity in the developing countries in order to get a reliable operation system, in a range of power compatible with the isolated communities. In Brazil, The Thermal Systems Study Group (NEST) of Federal University of Itajuba´ (UNIFEI) sponsored by The Energy Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG), are developing a project of experimental valuation of the system with microturbines for electricity generation fueled with natural gas and diesel. The objective of this paper is to show an economic evaluation which presents the generation costs and the payback period with the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business in three cases: microturbines operating on base load in gas station, microturbines operating on peak shave in the industry and a microturbine cogeneration system operating in the residential segment. It was considered the cost of microturbines at this moment and the projection for the future, as well as the cost of electricity and natural gas in Brazil. An economical analysis was carried out for different variables involved and the results show the Capstone 30 kW natural gas microturbines business are feasible firstly in cogeneration cases which is possible to get until 3 years of payback period. Besides, the return on the investment have shown improvements with the incentive of the natural gas distributing companies and with the rises in the electricity price of Brazilian utilities.

Simulation of Intermediate-Temperature SOFC for 60%+ Efficiency Distributed Generation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Mastropasqua ◽  
Stefano Campanari ◽  
Paolo Iora ◽  
Matteo Carmelo Romano
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Intermediate Temperature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
High Efficient

This work proposes a process simulation of high efficiency intermediate-temperature (660–730°C) SOFC systems for promising applications in the foreseeable future distributed power generation sector. Two case-studies have been considered: the kW-scale unit proposed by Ceramic Fuel Cell Limited (CFCL), which reaches up to 68% stack DC efficiency, and the FuelCell Energy (FCE) SOFC system, where a 65% DC efficiency has been verified on a 10 kW module. Both systems can be applied to distributed generation, yielding 60%+ net electric efficiency (LHV basis) from natural gas at small scale. This study aims at calibrating the two considered SOFC balance of plants with the Politecnico di Milano in-house software GS. Throughout a zero-dimensional model of the complete system a validation of the manufacturer’s claimed performance is possible. The general module configuration is made up of a natural gas pre-treating processor, a SOFC stack, an anodic spent fuel combustor and a waste heat recovery system for CHP applications. A pre-reforming adiabatic reactor has been proven to be an efficient choice to reduce the higher hydrocarbon chains content in the fuel stream and therefore to lessen the burden on the anodic channel, especially in terms of solid carbon deposition. The fuel is then pre-heated and, in the FCE case-study, mixed with the anodic outlet recycle; this last solution is regarded as of utmost importance for the attainment of the high overall fuel utilisation (≈80–85%) factors necessary to reach the proposed high efficiency targets, as well as to provide the steam required by the internal reforming process. Both the considered fuel cell systems performance have been verified and their extremely high efficient operation proven, according to those reported by their manufacturers. In addition to the process simulation, the work lays the foundations for a more thorough SOFC stack modelling throughout a 2D in-house developed software. This analysis gives valuable insights on the geometry characterisation and on the flow arrangement, as well as on their effects on cell internal temperature and composition profiles. In particular, the proposed analysis focuses on the case of a planar cross-flow arrangement, representative of the latter of the two case-studies. The understanding of the internal behaviour of the systems provides useful information to optimise the cell performance and design.

Een Duits netwerk bij de voorbereiding van de Militärverwaltung in België (1939-1940)

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Etienne Verhoeyen
Keyword(s):  
Study Groups ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Student Group ◽  
German Army ◽  
The Future ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First World ◽  
Preparatory Work

Nadat Hitler in oktober 1939 beslist had een aanval in het Westen te ondernemen, werden in Keulen twee studiegroepen opgericht, die het toekomstig bezettingsregime van België en Nederland moesten voorbereiden. Er was een studiecommissie die geleid werd door de toekomstige leider van het Duits Militair Bestuur in België, Regierungspräsident Reeder, en daarnaast bestond een geheime studiegroep die de Sondergruppe Student werd genoemd. Deze bijdrage belicht het voorbereidend werk van de leden van deze studiegroep op het gebied van handel, industrie, recht, Volkstum en cultuur in België. De groep legde een grote belangstelling voor de Flamenfrage aan de dag en trok daarbij lessen uit de ervaringen met de bezetting van België tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Ofschoon er van diverse zijden in Duitsland werd op aangestuurd, hebben zowel de 'commissie Reeder' als de Sondergruppe de wederinvoering van de bestuurlijke scheiding van het Vlaams en Franstalig landsgedeelte, één van de 'verworvenheden' van het Vlaams activisme uit 1914-18, beslist afgewezen. De bijdrage laat ook de tegenstellingen zien die in Duitsland bestonden op het gebied van de beïnvloeding (ten voordele van Duitsland) in de te bezetten gebieden. ________ A German network in the preparation of the Militärverwaltung (Army administration) in Belgium (1939-1940)After Hitler had decided in October 1939 to carry out an attack on the West, two study groups were set up in Cologne in order to prepare the future occupational regime of Belgium and the Netherlands.  The future leader of the German Army Administration in Belgium, President of the Government Reeder chaired the study group, and in addition there was a secret study group called the Sondergruppe Student (Special Student Group).This contribution illuminates the preparatory work of the members of this study group in the area of trade, industry, law, Volkstum (nationality) and culture in Belgium. The group demonstrated a lot of interest in the Flamenfrage (Flemish question) and in doing so drew lessons from the experience of the occupation of Belgium during the First World War.Although people from various quarters in Germany aimed for the reintroduction of the governmental separation between  the Flemish and French speaking parts of the country, one of the 'achievements' of Flemish activism from the period of 1914-1918, both the 'Reeder committee' and the 'Sondergruppe' definitely dismissed it. This contribution also demonstrates the contradictions present in Germany in the area of influencing the territories to be occupied (in favour of Germany).

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

Natural gas trade network of countries and regions along the belt and road: Where to go in the future?

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 101981
Author(s):  
Jiaman Li ◽  
Xiucheng Dong ◽  
Qingzhe Jiang ◽  
Kangyin Dong ◽  
Guixian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

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