Evaluation of Rear Impact Seat System Performance Using a Combined Load Neck Injury Criteria and Hybrid III Surrogates

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Saczalski ◽  
Joseph Lawson Burton ◽  
Paul R. Lewis ◽  
Todd K. Saczalski ◽  
Peter E. Baray
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Combined Load ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Abstract Vehicle to vehicle rear impact crash tests and sled buck tests were run to evaluate seat system performance related to Hybrid III surrogate response and comparison with NHTSA proposed combined load injury assessment values, as well as standard injury criteria. The crash and sled buck test impact conditions were modeled after actual case study incidents where changes in the rear impacted vehicle speeds ranged from about 25 to 50 kph. With the exception of one baseline vehicle-to-vehicle rear impact test, the dynamic tests provided side-by-side comparisons, and test-to-test evaluations, of surrogate response in conventional yielding front seats versus much stronger seat systems such as the belt integrated seat designs. Head, neck and chest injury criteria were used in the evaluations, including both the proposed NHTSA combined load neck criteria and SAE J 885 injury values. The surrogate response injury levels for the conventional yielding seats correlated well with the actual case study injury results. The seat comparison response generally indicated much reduced head and neck injury potential to surrogates seated in the stronger seat designs. The dynamic tests also demonstrate the importance of testing within the full vehicle interior structure to insure that floor strength is compatible with seat strength, so as to attain optimum occupant protection in stronger seat designs, and to assess injury risk to occupants in yielding or collapsing seat designs, as well as rear seated occupants, such as children. The tests indicate that quasi-static seat strength measurements made with more realistic “torso body block” load devices can provide reasonable estimates on the ultimate failure modes and dynamic load capabilities of the seat systems if the seat systems are properly mounted to the vehicle. Quasi-static seat strength results are presented for a variety of conventional collapsing seat designs and stronger seat systems like the belt integrated designs. One sled buck test was run with a rear-seated child surrogate to demonstrate the hazard of front seat collapse into the rear seat occupant area. The results of these tests further demonstrate the need for dynamic testing to assess total seat system performance and full occupant protection in rear impacts.

Effect of Head Restraint Position and Neck Injury Criteria in Rear Impact

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeRosia ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Acceleration Pulse ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Impact Acceleration

The objective of this study was to determine the forces and bending moments at the top of the Hybrid III dummy neck secondary to rear impact acceleration and evaluate the various proposed injury criteria. Rear impact sled tests were conducted by applying the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FMVSS 202 acceleration pulse. Differing positions of the head restraint in terms of height (750 and 800 mm) and backset (zero, 50, and 100 mm) were used to determine the axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, Nij, and Nkm). The time sequence of attainment of these parameters was determined along with peak values.

scholarly journals Quasi-Static and Dynamic Sled Testing of Prototype Commuter Rail Passenger Seats

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Severson ◽  
A. Benjamin Perlman ◽  
Richard Stringfellow
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Commuter Rail ◽  
Seat Cushions ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Male Hybrid ◽  
Test Requirements

In support of the Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Railroad Equipment Safety Program, tests have been conducted on prototype commuter rail passenger seats which have been designed for improved occupant protection during commuter train accidents. Quasi-static tests were conducted to evaluate the moment versus rotation behavior of the seat back and to improve the fidelity of the finite element seat model. Dynamic sled tests were conducted with instrumented Hybrid III anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) to evaluate occupant protection under collision conditions and to improve the fidelity of seat/occupant computer models. The three-passenger prototype seats were designed to meet the following dynamic test requirements: 1. Seats must remain attached to the test fixture. 2. Occupants must be compartmentalized between seat rows. 3. Injury criteria for the head, chest, neck and femur must be within tolerance thresholds specified by the automotive industry. 4. All seat components, including seat cushions, must remain attached. Test conditions were specified for two dynamic sled tests as follows: three forward-facing 50th percentile male Hybrid III ATDs subjected to an 8G, 250 millisecond triangular crash pulse; and three rear-facing 50th percentile male Hybrid III ATDs subjected to a 12G, 250 millisecond triangular crash pulse. The 8G crash pulse is specified in the existing American Public Transportation Association (APTA) Standard for Row-to-Row Seating in Commuter Rail Cars [1] and in the Federal Code of Regulations 49 CFR 238.233 [2], and represents nominal collision conditions. The 12G crash pulse represents the collision environment measured in the cab car during a previous full-scale train-to-train impact test of passenger rail cars incorporating crash energy management [3, 4]. The final test results indicate that all test requirements were met: the seats remained attached to the test sled; the ATDs were compartmentalized; all the injury criteria were within accepted tolerance thresholds; and all the seat cushions remained attached.

Lower neck injury criteria for THOR and Hybrid III dummies in rear impact

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
John Humm ◽  
Preston Greenhalgh ◽  
Jeffrey Somers
Keyword(s):  
Neck Injury ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Lower Neck

Injury criteria of the IMO and the Hybrid III dummy as indicators of injury potential in free-fall lifeboats

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Nelson ◽  
Peter J. Waugh ◽  
Alan J. Schweickhardt
Keyword(s):  
Free Fall ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Injury Potential

scholarly journals An Adaptive Load Frequency Control for Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mokhtar ◽  
Mostafa I. Marei ◽  
Mariam A. Sameh ◽  
Mahmoud A. Attia
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Adaptive Controller ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Load Variations

The frequency of power systems is very sensitive to load variations. Additionally, with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources in electrical grids, stabilizing the system frequency becomes more challenging. Therefore, Load Frequency Control (LFC) is used to keep the frequency within its acceptable limits. In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed to enhance the system performance under load variations. Moreover, the proposed controller overcomes the disturbances resulting from the natural operation of the renewable energy sources such as Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) and Photovoltaic (PV) system. The superiority of the proposed controller compared to the classical LFC schemes is that it has auto tuned parameters. The validation of the proposed controller is carried out through four case studies. The first case study is dedicated to a two-area LFC system under load variations. The WECS is considered as a disturbance for the second case study. Moreover, to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller, the dynamic performance is compared with previous work based on an optimized controller in the third case study. Finally in the fourth case study, a sensitivity analysis is carried out through parameters variations in the nonlinear PV-thermal hybrid system. The novel application of the adaptive controller into the LFC leads to enhance the system performance under disturbance of different sources of renewable energy. Moreover, a robustness test is presented to validate the reliability of the proposed controller.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATION TO CONSTRUCTION OF INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING BRIDGES

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Marzouk ◽  
Hisham Zein El-Dein ◽  
Moheeb El-Said
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Bridge Construction ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Simulation Engine ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Stationary Location

Construction of bridges is associated with uncertainties that rise due to unavailability of resources, equipment breakdown and/or working environment. Bridge construction techniques can be grouped into six main categories: 1) cast‐in‐situ on false work, 2) cantilever carriage, 3) stepping formwork, 4) launching girder, 5) pre‐cast balanced cantilever, and 6) incremental launching. The latter technique is characterised by minimising the use of falsework. Further, the fabrication and casting of bridge segments are executed at a stationary location, named casting yard (which includes several facilities), deck form, concrete mixing unit, and pumping system. This paper presents a special purpose simulation model to capture the uncertainty associated with bridge construction. The model accounts for the interaction between the different involved resources in construction of bridges using incremental launching technique. The paper describes two methods (single form and multiple forms) of execution used for the segments fabrication. The proposed simulation model utilises STROBOSCOPE as a simulation engine and is coded by Visual Basic 6.0. An actual case study is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the developed model and validate its performance.

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