Power Grid System Design Optimization Considering Renewable Energy Strategies and Environmental Impact

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Piacenza ◽  
Irem Y. Tumer ◽  
Christopher Hoyle ◽  
John Fields
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past

The North American power grid is a highly heterogeneous and dispersed complex system that has been constructed ad-hoc over the past century. Large-scale propagating system failures remain constant over the past 30 years as the rising population and affiliated energy centric culture continues to drive increases in energy demand. In addition, there are continued negative effects from various types of energy generation strategies, including renewables, on the environment. This paper presents a methodology for a high-level system optimization of a power grid capturing annual cost, energy use, and environmental impact for use during the early design trade studies. A model has been created to explore the system state of a power grid based on various types of energy generation, including both fossil fuel and renewable strategies. In addition, energy conservation practices for commercial and residential applications are explored as an alternative solution to meet predicted demand. A component for incorporating design trades within the model has been developed to analyze the feasibility of trading surplus energy between interconnections as a means to address issues with excess generation and mitigate the need for additional generation. The result is a set of Pareto Optimal solutions considering both cost and environmental impact that meet predicted energy demand constraints.

The Analysis and Application of Energy-Internet in the Low-Carbon Community

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liang ◽  
Weiding Long ◽  
Yingqian Song ◽  
Fang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Energy Internet

The energy-Internet is a new energy supply method based on urban compact and densely populated community in a low-carbon city. The principle is to connect small energy generation stations and combined heat and power system (CHP) based on distributed energy technology and renewable energy into a network in the urban district. In this way, the cooling, heating and electricity could all back each other up. Each building of the community could collect the energy and then put that energy into the energy-internet to supply the heating and power to buildings. The power in the energy-internet could also be used for charging electric vehicles. So the energy use in the urban community would be basically self-sufficient. The energy generation stations in the energy-internet could be solar power, wind power, biomass cogeneration (including refuse power generation), household fuel cell, low-grade heat in rivers, lakes, urban sewage and soil. In this way, large-scale renewable energy and unused energy could be fully used and applied in a compact and dense community. If the energy-internet is suitable designed, the equipment capacity, energy consumption and CO2 emission of the community could be greatly reduced, energy efficiency could be optimized and improved and the heat island effect could also be alleviated. This article explores three major problems of the construction of energy internet and their solutions: namely, the location and layout of the energy station, the environmental economic dispatch model of the energy internet with power dispatching as an example, the optimal path design of hot water pipe network combined with graph theory and genetic algorithms.

Genetic maps of the proximal half of chromosome arm 2L of Drosophila melanogaster

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Glen Levine ◽  
Suchot Sunday ◽  
Ruth E. Dörig ◽  
Beat Suter ◽  
Paul Lasko
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proximal Half ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Physiologic Function ◽  
Complementation Groups

Drosophila mutants have played an important role in elucidating the physiologic function of genes. Large-scale projects have succeeded in producing mutations in a large proportion of Drosophila genes. Many mutant fly lines have also been produced through the efforts of individual laboratories over the past century. In an effort to make some of these mutants more useful to the research community, we systematically mapped a large number of mutations affecting genes in the proximal half of chromosome arm 2L to more precisely defined regions, defined by deficiency intervals, and, when possible, by individual complementation groups. To further analyze regions 36 and 39–40, we produced 11 new deficiencies with gamma irradiation, and we constructed 6 new deficiencies in region 30–33, using the DrosDel system. trans-heterozygous combinations of deficiencies revealed 5 additional functions, essential for viability or fertility.

scholarly journals Carbon in global waste and wastewater flows – its potential as energy source under alternative future waste management regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gómez-Sanabria ◽  
Lena Höglund-Isaksson ◽  
Peter Rafaj ◽  
Wolfgang Schöpp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Management Regimes

Abstract. This study provides a quantification of the maximum energy that can be generated from global waste and wastewater sectors in the timeframe to 2050, as well as of the potential limitations introduced by different future waste and wastewater management regimes. Results show that considerable amounts of carbon are currently stored in waste materials without being recovered for recycling or made available for energy generation. Future levels of energy recovery when maintaining current states of waste and wastewater management systems are contrasted with those that can be attained under a circular system identified here as a system with successful implementation of food and plastic waste reduction policies, maximum recycling rates of all different types of waste streams, and once the recycling capacity is exhausted, incineration of remaining materials to produce energy. Moreover, biogas is assumed to be produced from anaerobic co-digestion of food and garden wastes, animal manure, and anaerobically treated wastewater. Finally, we explore the limits for energy generation from waste and wastewater sources should the efficiency of energy recovery be pushed further through development of existing technology. We find that global implementation of such an ideal system could increase the relative contribution of waste and wastewater sources to global energy demand from 2 % to 9 % by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ per year. This would however require widespread adoption of policies and infrastructure that stimulate and allow for large-scale waste prevention and separation, as well as highly advanced treatment processes. Giving priority to such efforts would enable circularity of the waste-energy system.

scholarly journals De-schooling Well-being: Toward a Learning-Oriented Definition

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rincón-Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global South ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Compulsory Schooling ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grammar Of Schooling

Purpose: (1) Critique conventional schooling as detrimental to student well-being and learning. (2) Articulate an alternative that is more conducive to learning and well-being in classrooms, schools, and educational systems. Design/Approach/Methods: I review the historical functions of compulsory schooling, the main critiques to conventional schooling developed over the past century, emerging knowledge on the neuroscience of learning and well-being, and cases of large-scale pedagogical transformation from the Global South. Findings: I argue that conventional schooling is detrimental to well-being, that deep learning is a precursor of well-being, and that compulsory schooling is not designed to cultivate it. Well-being has to be de-schooled so that students thrive in schools: The grammar of schooling has to be replaced with the language of learning. This requires deep and widespread cultural change, and some movements of pedagogical renewal from the Global South offer important lessons on how to accomplish this. Originality/Value: Expanding the scope of existing debates about student well-being by questioning the assumption that compulsory schooling is inherently good and pointing out that unless the default culture of schooling is replaced with cultures of robust learning, student well-being efforts will simply reproduce the very problems they seek to solve.

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability of Niobium Recycling: The Case of the Automotive Industry

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rahimpour Golroudbary ◽  
Nikita Krekhovetckii ◽  
Mohammad El Wali ◽  
Andrzej Kraslawski
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Gas Emissions

The recycling of scrap is one of the common approaches aiming at reduction of mining-based production of critical metals and mitigation of their supply risk as well as processing-related environmental impact. The number of currently available end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) indicates—significant potential for critical metals recycling, especially niobium (Nb). Therefore, the quantification of environmental impact of niobium recovery starts to be an important issue in assessment of sustainability of large-scale recycling processes. In this paper, we assess energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in individual stages of niobium supply chain in the automotive industry over the period 2010–2050. The different stages including mining, production and recycling are analyzed using dynamic simulation. The results show the majority of the consumed energy (45% of energy demand in niobium supply chain) is used in the primary production stage. This stage also contributes to 72% of total gas emissions of supply chain over the period 2010–2050. Mining of niobium consumes up to 36% of energy and generates ca. 21% of GHG emissions. While, in recycling stage, the secondary production of niobium requires 19% of supply chain energy and generates 7% of gas emissions. The detailed calculations show that recycling of niobium could save around 133–161 m GJ energy between 2010 and 2050. The recycling would also contribute to the reduction of 44–53 mt CO2-eq in the same period. It shows around 18% reduction of annual emissions between 2010 and 2050 thanks to reuse of niobium in secondary production rather than primary production.

scholarly journals Understanding Offline Password-Cracking Methods: A Large-Scale Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ruixin Shi ◽  
Yongbin Zhou ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Weili Han
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cracking Performance ◽  
Password Cracking

Researchers proposed several data-driven methods to efficiently guess user-chosen passwords for password strength metering or password recovery in the past decades. However, these methods are usually evaluated under ad hoc scenarios with limited data sets. Thus, this motivates us to conduct a systematic and comparative investigation with a very large-scale data corpus for such state-of-the-art cracking methods. In this paper, we present the large-scale empirical study on password-cracking methods proposed by the academic community since 2005, leveraging about 220 million plaintext passwords leaked from 12 popular websites during the past decade. Specifically, we conduct our empirical evaluation in two cracking scenarios, i.e., cracking under extensive-knowledge and limited-knowledge. The evaluation concludes that no cracking method may outperform others from all aspects in these offline scenarios. The actual cracking performance is determined by multiple factors, including the underlying model principle along with dataset attributes such as length and structure characteristics. Then, we perform further evaluation by analyzing the set of cracked passwords in each targeting dataset. We get some interesting observations that make sense of many cracking behaviors and come up with some suggestions on how to choose a more effective password-cracking method under these two offline cracking scenarios.

scholarly journals Grid-Aware Layout of Photovoltaic Panels in Sustainable Building Energy Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Middelhauve ◽  
Francesco Baldi ◽  
Paul Stadler ◽  
François Maréchal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Building Energy Systems

In the context of increasing concern for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the residential building sector still represents a major contributor to energy demand. The integration of renewable energy sources, and particularly of photovoltaic (PV) panels, is becoming an increasingly widespread solution for reducing the carbon footprint of building energy systems (BES). However, the volatility of the energy generation and its mismatch with the typical demand patterns are cause for concern, particularly from the viewpoint of the management of the power grid. This paper aims to show the influence of the orientation of photovoltaic panels in designing new BES and to provide support to the decision making process of optimal PV placing. The subject is addressed with a mixed integer linear optimization problem, with costs as objectives and the installation, tilt, and azimuth of PV panels as the main decision variables. Compared with existing BES optimization approaches reported in literature, the contribution of PV panels is modeled in more detail, including a more accurate solar irradiation model and the shading effect among panels. Compared with existing studies in PV modeling, the interaction between the PV panels and the remaining units of the BES, including the effects of optimal, scheduling is considered. The study is based on data from a residential district with 40 buildings in western Switzerland. The results confirm the relevant influence of PV panels’ azimuth and tilt on the performance of BES. Whereas south-orientation remains the most preferred choice, west-orientationed panels better match the demand when compared with east-orientationed panels. Apart from the benefits for individual buildings, an appropriate choice of orientation was shown to benefit the grid: rotating the panels 20° westwards can, together with an appropriate scheduling of the BES, reduce the peak power of the exchange with the power grid by 50% while increasing total cost by only 8.3%. Including the more detailed modeling of the PV energy generation demonstrated that assuming horizontal surfaces can lead to inaccuracies of up to 20% when calculating operating expenses and electricity generated, particularly for high levels of PV penetration.

A New Sensor-Based Spatial OLAP Architecture Centered on an Agricultural Farm Energy-Use Diagnosis Tool

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Bimonte ◽  
Marilys Pradel ◽  
Daniel Boffety ◽  
Aurelie Tailleur ◽  
Géraldine André ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Diagnosis Tool ◽  
Agricultural Farm

Agricultural energy consumption is an important environmental and social issue. Several diagnosis tools have been proposed to define indicators for analyzing the large-scale energy consumption of agricultural farm activities (year, farm, production activity, etc.). In Bimonte, Boulil, Chanet and Pradel (2012), the authors define (i) new appropriate indicators to analyze agricultural farm energy-use performance on a detailed scale and (ii) show how Spatial Data Warehouse (SDW) and Spatial OnLine Analytical Processing (SOLAP) GeoBusiness Intelligence (GeoBI) technologies can be used to represent, store, and analyze these indicators by simultaneously producing graphical and cartographic reports. These GeoBI technologies allow for the analysis of huge volumes of georeferenced data by providing aggregated numerical values visualized by means of interactive tabular, graphical, and cartographic displays. However, existing data collection systems based on sensors are not well adapted for agricultural data. In this paper, the authors show the global architecture of our GeoBI solution and highlight the data collection process based on agricultural ad hoc sensor networks, the associated transformation and cleaning operations performed by means of Spatial Extract Transform Load (ETL) tools, and a new implementation of the system using a web-services-based loosely coupled SOLAP architecture to provide interoperability and reusability of the complex multi-tier GeoBI architecture. Moreover, the authors detail how the energy-use diagnosis tool proposed in Bimonte, Boulil, Chanet and Pradel (2012) theoretically fits with the sensor data and the SOLAP approach.

Eastern Mediterranean Drying: Projected Changes in Dynamics and Thermodynamics and Their Relation to Large-Scale Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilat Elbaum ◽  
Chaim Garfinkel ◽  
Ori Adam ◽  
Efrat Morin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Precipitation Changes

<p>Observations from the past century and projections for the end of this century exhibit a decrease in precipitation over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and surrounding land areas, but the magnitude of the expected drying is unknown. Changes in precipitation are controlled by both thermodynamic (moist) and dynamic (dry) processes, but the relative contributions of these processes, in particular on regional scales, is not well understood. Previous studies have analyzed the ability of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model mean to represent the spatial and seasonal patterns of the Mediterranean hydroclimate. A wide spread exists among the individual models, which can be exploited to better understand the factors controlling future climate. Garfinkel et al. (2020)<sup>[i]</sup> found that large-scale mechanisms contribute about 50% of the model spread in Eastern Mediterranean drying. This study further explores the variance across models in projected changes of the moisture budget by decomposing them into mean dynamic, mean thermodynamic and transient components. These components are then related to the variance across models in projected large-scale processes. Through these analyses, uncertainties regarding future changes in precipitation can be reduced.</p><p><sup>[i]</sup> Garfinkel, C. I. et al. (2020) ‘The role of zonally averaged climate change in contributing to inter-model spread in CMIP5 predicted local precipitation changes’, Journal of Climate, 33, pp. 1141–1154. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0232.1.</p>

scholarly journals Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3067-3079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.

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