scholarly journals Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3067-3079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.

scholarly journals Bioenergía a partir de microalgas en México

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Sheila Genoveva Pérez-Bravo ◽  
Ana María Mendoza-Martínez ◽  
Maria del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez ◽  
Luciano Aguilera-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
Current Energy ◽  
Short Carbon

The energy demand of the world population is increasing due to population growth and technological development. The current energy base is a generator of CO2 emissions, the most abundant and main greenhouse gas responsible for global warming, as well as pollutants, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. The environmental deterioration and the increase in fossil fuel prices make it necessary to investigate less aggressive energy sources with the environment at competitive costs in the market. Biofuels are an alternative for energy production due to their origin in the short carbon cycle, their emissions are considered almost zero, including biodiesel and bioethanol. The latter can be obtained from microalgae rich in carbohydrates and lipids, easy to grow in short periods of time. The objective of this research is to summarize the findings made about the existence of useful microalgae as raw material to produce biofuels in Mexican territory. An exhaustive review of the literature was carried out, which contributed to estimate the microalgal diversity in the country and its lipid contents as well as carbohydrates, with different species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus being found mainly.

scholarly journals Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1985-1999
Author(s):  
K.A.V. Miyuranga ◽  
D. Thilakarathne ◽  
Udara S.P.R. Arachchige ◽  
R.A. Jayasinghe ◽  
N.A. Weerasekara
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
World Population ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The World

As the world population and modernization increase, energy demand increases. One of the non-sustainable energy sources is fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel consumption raises various environmental and economic issues. Most of the studies focus on sustainable energy sources, which can replace fossil fuel dependence. Biodiesel is an alternative sustainable fuel for diesel power. Biodiesel can produce through the transesterification process. Since the catalyst plays a significant role in the biodiesel yield during a defined reaction time, the addition of a catalyst can increases the reaction rate. This article is outlined the several catalysts used by multiple researchers over the years to increase biodiesel yields.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

scholarly journals Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Production in Microalgae Biorefineries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
Rahul Kumar Goswami ◽  
Pradeep Verma ◽  
Roberto Lavecchia ◽  
Antonio Zuorro
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
World Population ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Valuable Compounds

The increasing world population generates huge amounts of wastewater as well as large energy demand. Additionally, fossil fuel’s combustion for energy production causes the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. Therefore, there is a strong need to find alternative green approaches for wastewater treatment and energy production. Microalgae biorefineries could represent an effective strategy to mitigate the above problems. Microalgae biorefineries are a sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes, as they potentially allow wastewater to be treated at lower costs and with lower energy consumption. Furthermore, they provide an effective means to recover valuable compounds for biofuel production or other applications. This review focuses on the current scenario and future prospects of microalgae biorefineries aimed at combining wastewater treatment with biofuel production. First, the different microalgal cultivation systems are examined, and their main characteristics and limitations are discussed. Then, the technologies available for converting the biomass produced during wastewater treatment into biofuel are critically analyzed. Finally, current challenges and research directions for biofuel production and wastewater treatment through this approach are outlined.

scholarly journals Productivity and Institutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Gylfi Zoega
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Past Century ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita

Differences in productivity account for differences in output per capita between countries as well as changes in output and the standard of living for each country over long periods of time. During the first industrial revolution, one could already see the emergence of two groups of countries: the high- and the low-GDP per capita countries. The list of countries belonging to the highproductivity group has not changed much over the past century. Differences in institutions separate the two clubs. The high-productivity group is, amongst many other differences, characterized by less corruption, a better legal system, superior enforcement of contracts, a lower cost of starting a business and lower tariffs. Historical output series for Britain going back to the mid-19th century show that productivity has increased greatly and improved the standard of living.

scholarly journals Potential Inter-Fuel Substitution between Hydroelectricity and Fossil Fuels in Nepal

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Sudheer Awasthi ◽  
Naveen Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Incentive Mechanisms ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
Fuel Substitution ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Huge Variation

In spite of huge hydro-electricity potential, Nepal still relies on fossil fuel to meet its energy demand. However, as the pace of hydroelectricity generation gets momentum in recent years, there are concerns about the excess supply of hydroelectricity in the domestic market in the near future. In this context, this paper examines the potential substitution of conventional fuels by the hydroelectricity in Nepal. Using translog production function, this paper calculates the elasticity of substitution between hydroelectricity, coal, gas, petrol, diesel, and kerosene for the period of 1980 to 2016. Our findings suggest that all the fuels except kerosene are positively associated with economic growth during the study period, and the output elasticity of hydroelectricity is found be largest among these sources of energy. The findings also suggest that hydroelectricity has the potential for substitute other conventional fuels if the share of hydroelectricity is increased in the energy consumption composition. While there is not a huge variation in the elasticity of substitution between hydroelectricity and other fuels, the hydroelectricity has relatively higher potential to substitute coal followed by petrol, diesel, kerosene, and gas. The findings of the paper are supportive of the hypothesis that Nepal could potentially absorb the hydroelectricity generated in near future if incentive mechanisms are initiated that allow substitution of conventional fossil fuels by the hydroelectricity.

scholarly journals Myth v. Fact

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Reilly ◽  
Allison Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Primary Energy Demand ◽  
Business As Usual

This article predicts future global energy demand under a business-as-usual scenario. According to the MIT projections, conventional technology supported by fossil fuels will continue to dominate under a business-as-usual scenario. In fact, in the absence of climate policies that would impact energy prices, fossil fuels will supply nearly 80% of global primary energy demand in 2100. Alternative energy technologies will expand rapidly. Non-fossil fuel use will grow from 13% to 20% by 2100, with renewable electricity production expanding nearly tenfold and nuclear energy increasing by a factor of 8.5. However, those sources currently provide such a small share of the world's energy that even rapid growth is not enough to significantly displace fossil fuels. In spite of the growth in renewables, the projections indicate that coal will remain among the least expensive fuel sources. Non-fossil fuel alternatives, such as renewable energy and nuclear energy, will be between 40% and 80% more expensive than coal.

scholarly journals Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (68) ◽  
pp. 41625-41679
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Chhangte Vanlalveni ◽  
Avinash Prabhakar Ingle ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Biodiesel Production

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel.

Volatility of Derived Demand in Industrial Markets and Its Management Implications

1984 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Bishop ◽  
John L Graham ◽  
Michael H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Sales Performance ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Industrial Markets ◽  
Derived Demand

Despite its importance, the volatility of derived demand in industrial markets has not been studied by marketing scholars. Here we present a description of how fluctuations in demand for fossil fuels during recent years have caused precipitous changes in demand for turbomachinery equipment used to produce the fuels. This volatility in demand for fossil fuel production equipment is viewed both from the perspective of industry and that of five individual companies. Finally, a number of marketing strategies that can serve to dampen otherwise volatile sales performance are proposed for industrial firms.

Recent Record Growth in Atmospheric CO2 Levels

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger J. Francey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Co2 Levels

Environmental Context.Excessive levels of carbon dioxide are accumulating in the atmosphere, principally from burning fossil fuels. The gas is linked to the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change, and is thus monitored carefully, along with other trace gases that reflect human activity.The rate of growth of carbon dioxide has increased gradually over the past century, and more rapidly in the last decade. Teasing out fossil emissions from changes due to wildfires and to natural exchange with plants and oceans guide global attempts in reducing emissions.

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