Development and Properties of Ultra-High Strength UOE Linepipe

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Asahi ◽  
Takuya Hara ◽  
Eiji Tsuru ◽  
Hiroshi Morimoto ◽  
Yoshio Terada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Program ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Lower Bainite ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
Toughness Evaluation ◽  
The Cost

High-pressure operation through high strength linepipe reduces long distance transportation cost of natural gas. In order to maximize the cost reduction, X120 UOE pipe has been developed. Low C-Mo-B steel with fine-grained lower bainite (LB) microstructure realizes high strength, excellent low temperature toughness and good weldability. The technology was verified in small-scale commercial production or “mini-rolls”. Suitability for use as linepipe was demonstrated through an extensive development program that covers burst test, fracture toughness evaluation, girth welding technology, etc. A demonstration line was successfully constructed using the pipes manufactured in the “mini-rolls”.

Evaluation of Hydrogen Cracking Susceptibility in X120 Girth Welds

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Macia ◽  
D. P. Fairchild ◽  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
N. V. Bangaru
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
Groove Test ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
The Cost

To reduce the cost of long distance gas transmission, high strength pipeline steels are being developed. Implementation of high strength pipeline materials requires the avoidance of hydrogen cracking during field girth welding. A study of hydrogen cracking in X120 girth welds has been conducted. Cracking resistance of both the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated. The laboratory tests included the controlled thermal severity (CTS) test, the WIC test and the Y-groove test. In addition, multi-pass plate welds and full pipe welds were completed and examined for the presence of hydrogen cracks. The suitability of each test method for predicting cracking in X120 girth welds is determined. The morphology of hydrogen cracks in X120 girth welds is described, and the conditions necessary to prevent hydrogen cracking are identified. Following the laboratory studies, construction of X120 pipelines without cracking was demonstrated through a 1.6 km field trial.

The Fracture Arrest Behaviour of 914 mm Diameter X100 Grade Steel Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Andrews ◽  
Neil A. Millwood ◽  
A. David Batte ◽  
Barbara J. Lowesmith
Keyword(s):  
High Strength Steel ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Fracture Control

The drive to reduce the installed cost of high-capacity long-distance pipelines has focused attention on increasing the strength of the pipe material, in order to reduce the tonnage of material purchased, transportation and welding costs. In parallel with developments in plate rolling and pipe fabrication, the properties and performance of prototype pipe materials and construction welds have already been extensively evaluated. While these studies have provided considerable confidence in the performance of X100 pipe, a major remaining issue in the introduction of such steels has been an understanding of the resistance to propagating fractures. The scarcity of relevant fracture propagation data and concerns about the measurement and specification of toughness in high strength steel pipes have led to doubts that the existing methods for control of ductile fracture can be extrapolated to X100 strength levels. In order to provide experimental data on which to base fracture control approaches, a Joint Industry Project has been undertaken using conditions representative of potential applications. Results are presented from two full-scale fracture propagation tests on 914mm pre-production grade X100 pipes pressurised using natural gas. The full-scale results are compared with small-scale test specimen data and also with results from other full-scale tests on high strength steel pipes. This provides a valuable insight into the fracture response of these materials. Information has also been obtained concerning the predictive capability of current gas decompression models. These results provide a contribution to the development of fracture control plans in pipelines using X100 steel linepipe.

Toughness Evaluation on Seam Weld HAZ of High Strength UOE Linepipe

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Ishikawa ◽  
Toyohisa Shinmiya ◽  
Satoshi Igi ◽  
Joe Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Base Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seam Welding ◽  
Toughness Evaluation ◽  
Surface Notch ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Haz Toughness

Heat affected zone (HAZ) along with the weld seam of LSAW has discrete microstructure and usually shows lower toughness than base material. Grain coarsening and formation of M-A constituents governs the HAZ toughness, and a lot of efforts have been made to improve HAZ toughness. However, it is impossible to completely reduce the effect of microstructural change by seam welding. Especially, higher strength or heavy wall linepipes which have richer chemistry tend to have lower HAZ toughness. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between microstructural characteristics and toughness of HAZ and fracture behavior of HAZ region in order to ensure the structural reliability of seam welded region. In this paper, fracture behavior of X70 grade heavy wall UOE linepipe was investigated. Wide plate tensile test was conducted with the surface notch introduced on to the coarse grain HAZ, as well as the small scale testing such as Charpy and CTOD test. Fracture mechanics analysis was also carried out to understand the critical condition for brittle fracture of HAZ, and compared with the experimental results.

OPTIMAL FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS TO A ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Tolulope Latunde ◽  
Joseph Oluwaseun Richard ◽  
Opeyemi Odunayo Esan ◽  
Damilola Deborah Dare
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
North West ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Basic Feasible Solutions ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Road Freight Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

For twenty decades, there is a visible ever forward advancement in the technology of mobility, vehicles and transportation system in general. However, there is no "cure-all" remedy ideal enough to solve all life problems but mathematics has proven that if the problem can be determined, it is most likely solvable. New methods and applications will keep coming to making sure that life problems will be solved faster and easier. This study is to adopt a mathematical transportation problem in the Coca-Cola company aiming to help the logistics department manager of the Asejire and Ikeja plant to decide on how to distribute demand by the customers and at the same time, minimize the cost of transportation. Here, different algorithms are used and compared to generate an optimal solution, namely; North West Corner Method (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM) and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM). The transportation model type in this work is the Linear Programming as the problems are represented in tables and results are compared with the result obtained on Maple 18 software. The study shows various ways in which the initial basic feasible solutions to the problem can be obtained where the best method that saves the highest percentage of transportation cost with for this problem is the NWC. The NWC produces the optimal transportation cost which is 517,040 units.

DILLIMAX 690

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Minimum Yield

Abstract Dillimax 550 is a high-strength quenched and tempered, fine-grained structural steel with a minimum yield strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi). Plate is delivered in three qualities: basic, tough, and extra tough. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SA-652. Producer or source: Dillinger Hütte GTS.

DILLIMAX 500

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Minimum Yield

Abstract Dillimax 500 is a high-strength quenched and tempered, fine-grained structural steel with a minimum yield strength of 500 MPa (72 ksi). Plate is delivered in three qualities: basic, high toughness, and extra tough. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on surface qualities as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SA-645. Producer or source: Dillinger Hütte GTS.

TRI-MARK TM-811N2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Steel Weld Metal ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Welding Electrode

Abstract TRI-MARK TM-811N2 is a flux-cored welding electrode for all position semiautomatic arc welding. It is designed to weld 2-3% nickel steels for applications requiring good toughness at subzero temperatures; in addition, it is used to weld various other high-strength low-alloy steels and various fine-grained steels with low-temperature toughness. Tri-Mark TM-811N2 is used to deposit typically 2.35% nickel steel weld metal with good low-temperature impact properties. It is used for shipbuilding, oil rigs and similar structures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-389. Producer or source: Tri-Mark Inc..

Compressor Issues for Hydrogen Production and Transmission Through a Long Distance Pipeline Network

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Starr ◽  
Calin-Cristian Cormos ◽  
Evangelos Tzimas ◽  
Stathis Peteves
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Plant Exit

A hydrogen energy system will require the production of hydrogen from coal-based gasification plants and its transmission through long distance pipelines at 70 � 100 bar. To overcome some problems of current gasifiers, which are limited in pressure capability, two options are explored, in-plant compression of the syngas and compression of the hydrogen at the plant exit. It is shown that whereas in-plant compression using centrifugal machines is practical, this is not a solution when compressing hydrogen at the plant exit. This is because of the low molecular weight of the hydrogen. It is also shown that if centrifugal compressors are to be used in a pipeline system, pressure drops will need to be restricted as even an advanced two-stage centrifugal compressor will be limited to a pressure ratio of 1.2. High strength steels are suitable for the in-plant compressor, but aluminium alloy will be required for a hydrogen pipeline compressor.

Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gaber ◽  
M. Antill ◽  
W. Kimball ◽  
R. Abdel Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Technology Choice

The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

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