Protecting Fittings on Tank Cars: Preliminary Evaluation of Pressure Tank Cars

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Francisco González
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Pressure Tank ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Railroad tank car top fittings are susceptible to damage and failure in rollover derailments, which might result in release of hazardous material lading. Prior research has focused on the susceptibility of fittings on non-pressure tank cars and potential mitigation strategies. This paper presents current work that extends the analysis/test methods and lessons learned to fittings on pressure tank cars. Pressure tank cars carry significantly more hazardous materials such as Chlorine and Anhydrous Ammonia, which are classified as Toxic Inhalation Hazards (TIH). In particular, this paper presents the results of analytical modeling and validation testing of top fittings on a base design Chlorine car. In addition, the paper compares and contrasts the test methodology employed in prior full scale tests of tank car fittings against the 9 mph evaluation scenario outlined in current Federal regulations governing the design of fittings on TIH tank cars, and further explores how full scale test results may be interpreted.

Experimental Full-Scale Test Cell Optimizing for Research of Novel Concepts towards Climatically Active Solar Façade Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Čekon ◽  
Richard Slávik ◽  
Karel Struhala ◽  
Marian Formánek
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Cell ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Outdoor Climate ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Scale Test

The passive solar test facilities have recently been created in many research centers all over the world to analyse dynamic outdoor phenomena on buildings and their components. The main objective of these research activities is primarily to evolve a methodology, improve test methods, validate numerical models and measure real thermodynamic properties of building components under outdoor climate conditions. An integration of advanced material solutions into buildings need to be investigated within specific conditions related specifically to outdoor test methods. A research project on Contemporary concepts of climatically active solar facades at the Brno University of Technology does have an ambition to create an experimental full-scale test cell for research of thermal aspects in progressive advances of future solar façade concepts exposed to the real climate conditions. This paper describes the design optimization phase preceding the test cell assembly. This phase includes the analysis of energy and thermal properties based on parametric study features. Computer simulations based on finite element and volume methods are involved in the optimization process. The proposed optimized test cell design is confronted with parametrization of typical thermal aspects to present final test cell demonstration.

scholarly journals Full-Scale Tests for Assessing Blasting-Induced Vibration and Noise

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Chung-Won Lee ◽  
Jiseong Kim ◽  
Gi-Chun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Noise Prediction ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Tunnel Excavation ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Vibration and noise problems caused by a number of construction processes, specifically blasting for infrastructure development, are becoming important because of their civil appeal. In this study, a square root equation (SRE) with a 95% confidence level was proposed for predicting blasting-induced vibration through full-scale test blasting, and the vibration value predicted from this equation was located between the values predicted from the USBM (US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines), NOF (Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Ltd.), and MCT (Ministry of Construction and Transportation) equations. Additionally, by comparing the measured noise level at full-scale test blasting with the calculated noise levels from several noise prediction equations, it was determined that the noise level predicted by the ONECRC equation had the best agreement with the measured results. However, in cases where blasting includes tunnel excavation, simultaneous measurement of vibration and noise is required to prevent damage to the surrounding facilities.

STUDY ON RETROFIT EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL PLANE OF TRADITIONAL WOODEN HOUSES BASED ON FULL-SCALE TEST

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Miyamoto ◽  
Haruka Okuhiro
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Horizontal Shear ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Static Pushover Analysis ◽  
Good Agreement

In the present study, few studies have focused on the horizontal plane of traditional wooden houses in Japan. This study aims to examine the retrofit effects for the horizontal plane of traditional wooden houses based on full-scale tests. The first part of this paper is devoted to the experimental study performed to determine the structural behavior and characteristics of full-scale roof specimens. A horizontal shear test was conducted to obtain the fracture mode and relationship between the applied load and deformation angle. The second part deals with a static pushover analysis of the full-scale roof specimens. The results between the experimental test and the static pushover analysis are presented and discussed. The analysis model used for the static pushover analysis is proposed; the results were in good agreement with the tests.

A new methodology for the assessment of the running resistance of trains without knowing the characteristics of the track: Application to full-scale experimental data

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (6) ◽  
pp. 1814-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Somaschini ◽  
Tommaso Argentini ◽  
Daniele Rocchi ◽  
Paolo Schito ◽  
Gisella Tomasini
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Resistance Coefficients

The resistance to motion of trains is an essential requisite especially while designing high-speed trains and high-capacity railway lines. The optimisation of friction effects and aerodynamic performance can be done during the design stage of a new train but the actual value of the running resistance can be inferred only by means of full-scale tests during the operation of a train. A CEN standard (EN 14067-4) describes the methodologies for the assessment of the running resistance of railway vehicles starting from full-scale test measurements. According to this standard, the speed-dependent terms of the resistance force have to be determined by means of coasting tests on railway lines, whose characteristics must be well known. Since this is not always possible and small errors on the gradient could lead to major uncertainties in the evaluation of the resistance force, a new method for the estimation of the running resistance coefficients, irrespective of the characteristics of the track is proposed in this paper. The reliability of the method is verified by comparing the results with those obtained from the procedure proposed in the CEN standard. The comparison shows that the new methodology is able to evaluate the resistance coefficients with an accuracy equivalent to that of the other methods but with fewer tests and with a more robust procedure relying on a lesser number of parameters.

Full-Scale Testing for Strain-Based Design Pipelines: Lessons Learned and Recommendations

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug P. Fairchild ◽  
Svetlana Shafrova ◽  
Huang Tang ◽  
Justin M. Crapps ◽  
Wentao Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Welded Pipe ◽  
Full Scale Testing

There are generally two reasons for conducting full-scale tests (FSTs) for the measurement of pipe or weld strain capacity, (1) to generate data useful in verifying the accuracy of a strain capacity prediction model, or (2) to test materials being considered for use. The former case involves exploring variables important to the scope of the model, while the latter involves project specific materials and girth weld procedures often combined with upper bound cases of weld misalignment. Because the challenge of strain-based design is relatively new, FSTs should be used for both reasons cited above. This paper provides observations, lessons learned, and recommendations regarding full-scale pipe strain capacity tests. This information has been developed through the conduct, witness, or review of 159 FSTs. One of the most important aspects of full-scale testing is the preparation of welded pipe test specimens. It is imperative that the specimens be fabricated with materials of known properties and that all possible measures be taken to limit variations from the intended specimen design. It has been observed that unexpected results are often due to irregularities in pipe material strength, weld strength, weld toughness, or the presence of unintended weld defects in a specimen designed to contain just man-made defects. Post-test fractography and metallurgical examination are very useful in explaining the performance of a FST; therefore, failure analysis is discussed.

The Design and Application of Shear Fracture Propagation Studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Poynton ◽  
R. W. E. Shannon ◽  
G. D. Fearnehough
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Shear Fracture ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Test Behavior ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Fracture Arrest

Shear fracture propagation is studied using an analysis based upon the thermodynamic equilibrium of a constant velocity fracture. This equation is shown to describe the behavior of all full scale tests which exhibit constant velocity propagation. This equation is developed to identify the conditions for fracture arrest; the resulting formulation is again consistent with full scale test behavior. The paper also discusses the application of the theory to existing and new pipelines.

A New Rupture Prediction Model for Corroded Pipelines Under Combined Loadings

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Marina Q. Smith ◽  
Carl H. Popelar ◽  
James A. Maple
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Strain Limit ◽  
Rupture Pressure ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests

It is commonly believed that bending and other secondary loading will reduce the rupture pressure of a corroded pipe. This paper shows through theory, full-scale tests and finite element analysis (FEA) that this need not be the case in the field where displacement controlled bending and axial loading are induced by differential settlement and axial constraint. Based on this result, a new strain-based rupture prediction model is developed for buried corroded pipes subjected to internal pressure, lateral bending, thermal loading and residual stress. The selection of an appropriate “bulging factor,” the determination of a biaxial strain limit and the treatment of the heat affected zone (HAZ) are also discussed in the paper. The predicted rupture pressures agree well with the full-scale test results.

Full-Scale Tests and Numerical Simulations of Failure Mechanism of Power Transmission Towers

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (09) ◽  
pp. 1850109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Tian ◽  
Liulu Guo ◽  
Ruisheng Ma ◽  
Xia Gai ◽  
Wenming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Transmission Tower ◽  
Transmission Towers ◽  
Loading Patterns ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Full-scale tests are conducted to investigate the load-bearing capacity and failure mechanism of power transmission towers subjected to various loading patterns (broken lines, wind and ice). Detailed finite element models of power transmission towers are established based on these experimental prototypes. To capture the member instability, the integral stability coefficients are obtained from different specifications and introduced into a user-defined material model. Subsequently, the failure analysis of power transmission towers is carried out using an explicit algorithm, and good agreement is found in comparison with experimental results. The results show that the proposed procedure is effective in simulating the power transmission tower failure process. The full-scale test and numerical simulation studies can provide a valuable database for the design of power transmission towers subjected to various loads.

Separation Characteristics of an X65 Linepipe Steel From Laboratory-Scale to Full-Scale Fracture Tests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Davis ◽  
Guillaume Michal ◽  
Cheng Lu ◽  
Valerie Linton
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Plane ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Pipe Section ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Fracture Tests ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
Linepipe Steel

Abstract Separations are small fissures that form along the rolling-plane of some steels when sufficient stresses are created to open planes of weakness in the material. In the pipeline industry, separations have been observed on the fracture surfaces of tensile, Charpy, and drop-weight tear tests — the key tests for determining the fracture arrest capabilities of line pipe steels. When compared, the separation appearance between lab-scale tests and full-scale fracture test are noticeably dissimilar. Therefore, the influence separations have on the fracture behaviour may not clearly scale between lab-scale and full-scale tests. In this study, the separation severity of Charpy, DWTT, and full-fracture propagation test fracture surfaces was measured and compared. Two full-scale burst tests were carried out with pipes containing a CO2/N2 mixture. Fracture surfaces were observed along the length of the pipe and captured when the separation appearance changed. For each pipe section, the corresponding lab-scale test surfaces were compared. With the separations measured across all fracture faces, the separation appearance of the full-scale test surfaces did not provide the same values as the lab-scale tests. However, the lab-scale tests did capture the trend in separation severity for each pipe section. Only the lab-scale test surfaces showed a correlation in separation severity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document