A Robust True Direct-Print Technology for Tissue Engineering

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
T. Dutta Roy ◽  
C. M. Smith ◽  
P. A. Clark ◽  
K. H. Church
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Liquid Material ◽  
Print Process

Numerous solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or rapid prototyping (RP) techniques have been employed in the field of tissue engineering to fabricate specially organized three-dimensional (3-D) structures such as scaffolds. Some such technologies include, but are not limited to, laminated object manufacturing (LOM), three-dimensional printing (3-DP) or ink-jet printing, selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). These techniques are capable of rapidly producing highly complex 3-D scaffolds or other biomedical structures with the aid of a computer-aided design (CAD) system. However, they suffer from lack of consistency and repeatability, since most of these processes are not fully controlled and cannot reproduce the previous work with accuracy. Also, these techniques (excluding FDM) are not truly direct-print processes. Certain material removing steps are involved, which in turn increases the complexity and the cost of fabrication. The FDM process has good repeatability; however, the materials that can be used are limited due to the high temperature needed to melt the feedstock. Some researchers also reported that the scaffolds fabricated by FDM lack consistency in the z-direction. In this paper, we will present a true direct-print technology for repeatedly producing scaffolds and other biomedical structures for tissue engineering with the aid of our Computer Aided Biological (CAB) tool. Unlike other SFF techniques mentioned above, our direct-print process fabricates scaffolds or other complex 3-D structures by extruding (dispensing) a liquid material onto the substrate with a prescribed pattern generated by a CAD program. This can be a layer-by-layer 2.5 dimension build or a true 3-D build. The dispensed liquid material then polymerizes or solidifies, to form a solid structure. The flexibility in the types of materials that can be extruded ranges from polymers to living cells, encapsulated in the proper material. True 3-D structures are now possible on a wide range of substrates, including even in vivo. Some of the advantages of the process are a) researchers have full control over the patterns to be created; b) it is a true direct-print process with no material removing steps involved; c) it is highly consistent and repeatable; and d) it is highly efficient and cost-effective. This paper will first give a detailed description of the CAB tool. Then, it will present a detailed process for printing polycaprolactone (PCL) into a defined 3-D architecture, where the primary focus for these constructs is for use in tissue engineering applications. Finally, mechanical characterization results of the printed scaffolds will be included in the paper.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Fused Deposition Modeling Using Microwave Irradiation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxu Song ◽  
Weston Grove ◽  
Emmett Hull ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a class of manufacturing processes where material is deposited in a layer-by-layer fashion to fabricate a three-dimensional part directly from a computer-aided design model. With a current market share of 44%, thermoplastic-based additive manufacturing such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a prevailing technology. A key challenge for AM parts (especially for parts made by FDM) in engineering applications is the weak inter-layer adhesion. The lack of bonding between filaments usually results in delamination and mechanical failure. To address this challenge, this study embedded carbon nanotubes into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastics via a filament extrusion process. The vigorous response of carbon nanotubes to microwave irradiation, leading to the release of a large amount of heat, is used to melt the ABS thermoplastic matrix adjacent to carbon nanotubes within a very short time period. This treatment is found to enhance the inter-layer adhesion without bulk heating to deform the 3D printed parts. Tensile and flexural tests were performed to evaluation the effects of microwave irradiation on mechanical properties of the specimens made by FDM. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were taken to characterize the fracture surfaces of tensile test specimens. The actual carbon nanotube contents in the filaments were measured by conducting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of microwave irradiation on the electrical resistivity of the filament were also reported.

scholarly journals Desain dan Pembuatan Prototype Piston Honda MEGAPRO FI Menggunakan 3D Printing

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Frince Marbun ◽  
Richard A.M. Napitupulu
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Aided Design

3D printing technology has great potential in today's manufacturing world, one of its uses is in making miniatures or prototypes of a product such as a piston. One of the most famous and inexpensive 3D printing (additive manufacturing) technologies is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the principle FDM works by thermoplastic extrusion through a hot nozzle at melting temperature then the product is made layer by layer. The two most commonly used materials are ABS and PLA so it is very important to know the accuracy of product dimensions. FDM 3D Printing Technology is able to make duplicate products accurately using PLA material. FDM machines work by printing parts that have been designed by computer-aided design (CAD) and then exported in the form of STL or .stl files and uploaded to the slicer program to govern the printing press according to the design. Using Anet A8 brand 3D printing tools that are available to the public, Slicing of general CAD geometry files such as autocad and solidwork is the basis for making this object. This software is very important to facilitate the design process to be printed. Some examples of software that can be downloaded and used free of charge such as Repetier-Host and Cura. by changing the parameters in the slicer software is very influential in the 3D printing manufacturing process.

Development of Scaffold Building Units and Assembly for Tissue Engineering Using Fused Deposition Modelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed H. Masood ◽  
Kadhim Alamara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Unit Cells

In tissue engineering (TE), a porous scaffold structure of biodegradable material is required as a template to guide the proliferation, growth and development of cells appropriately in three dimensions. The scaffold must meet design requirements of appropriate porosity, pore size and interconnected structure to allow cell proliferation and adhesion. This paper presents a methodology for design and manufacture of TE scaffolds with varying porosity by employing open structure building units and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technique. A computer modeling approach for constructing and assembly of three-dimensional unit cell structure is presented to provide a solution of scaffolds design that can potentially meet the diverse requirements of TE applications. A parametric set of open polyhedral unit cells is used to assist the user in designing the required micro-architecture of the scaffold with required porosity and pore size and then the Boolean operation is used to create the scaffold of a given CAD model from the designed microstructure. The procedure is verified by fabrication of physical scaffolds using the commercial FDM system.

scholarly journals Characterization of Three-Dimensional Printed Composite Scaffolds Prepared with Different Fabrication Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Szlązak ◽  
J. Jaroszewicz ◽  
B. Ostrowska ◽  
T. Jaroszewicz ◽  
M. Nabiałek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Solution Casting ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Material Testing Machine

Abstract An optimal method for composites preparation as an input to rapid prototyping fabrication of scaffolds with potential application in osteochondral tissue engineering is still needed. Scaffolds in tissue engineering applications play a role of constructs providing appropriate mechanical support with defined porosity to assist regeneration of tissue. The aim of the presented study was to analyze the influence of composite fabrication methods on scaffolds mechanical properties. The evaluation was performed on polycaprolactone (PCL) with 5 wt% beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Three different methods of PCL-TCP composite preparation: solution casting, particles milling, extrusion and injection were used to provide material for scaffold fabrication. The obtained scaffolds were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope, x-ray micro computed tomography, thermal gravimetric analysis and static material testing machine. All of the scaffolds had the same geometry (cylinder, 4×6 mm) and fiber orientation (0/60/120°). There were some differences in the TCP distribution and formation of the ceramic agglomerates in the scaffolds. They depended on fabrication method. The use of composites prepared by solution casting method resulted in scaffolds with the best combination of compressive strength (5.7±0.2 MPa) and porosity (48.5±2.7 %), both within the range of trabecular bone.

CubeSat Fabrication through Additive Manufacturing and Micro-Dispensing

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 001021-001027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie Gutierrez ◽  
Rudy Salas ◽  
Gustavo Hernandez ◽  
Dan Muse ◽  
Richard Olivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
On Demand

Fabricating entire systems with both electrical and mechanical content through on-demand 3D printing is the future for high value manufacturing. In this new paradigm, conformal and complex shapes with a diversity of materials in spatial gradients can be built layer-by-layer using hybrid Additive Manufacturing (AM). A design can be conceived in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and printed on-demand. This new integrated approach enables the fabrication of sophisticated electronics in mechanical structures by avoiding the restrictions of traditional fabrication techniques, which result in stiff, two dimensional printed circuit boards (PCB) fabricated using many disparate and wasteful processes. The integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) combined with Direct Print (DP) micro-dispensing and robotic pick-and-place for component placement can 1) provide the capability to print-on-demand fabrication, 2) enable the use of micron-resolution cavities for press fitting electronic components and 3) integrate conductive traces for electrical interconnect between components. The fabrication freedom introduced by AM techniques such as stereolithography (SL), ultrasonic consolidation (UC), and fused deposition modeling (FDM) have only recently been explored in the context of electronics integration and 3D packaging. This paper describes a process that provides a novel approach for the fabrication of stiff conformal structures with integrated electronics and describes a prototype demonstration: a volumetrically-efficient sensor and microcontroller subsystem scheduled to launch in a CubeSat designed with the CubeFlow methodology.

scholarly journals The Applications of 3D Printing for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Tao ◽  
Jacqueline Kort-Mascort ◽  
Yi Lin ◽  
Hieu M. Pham ◽  
André M. Charbonneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Craniofacial Tissue ◽  
And Cartilage

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology in the field of dentistry. It uses a layer-by-layer manufacturing technique to create scaffolds that can be used for dental tissue engineering applications. While several 3D printing methodologies exist, such as selective laser sintering or fused deposition modeling, this paper will review the applications of 3D printing for craniofacial tissue engineering; in particular for the periodontal complex, dental pulp, alveolar bone, and cartilage. For the periodontal complex, a 3D printed scaffold was attempted to treat a periodontal defect; for dental pulp, hydrogels were created that can support an odontoblastic cell line; for bone and cartilage, a polycaprolactone scaffold with microspheres induced the formation of multiphase fibrocartilaginous tissues. While the current research highlights the development and potential of 3D printing, more research is required to fully understand this technology and for its incorporation into the dental field.

Application of Computer-Aided Visual in Advertising Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 475-476 ◽  
pp. 1517-1521
Author(s):  
Qing Gang Yang ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Chang Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Television Advertising ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
Aided Design

The three-dimensional computer technology currently has in various engineering fields have a wide range of applications, all the three-dimensional visual effects technology can bring us visual impact, the use of three-dimensional computer technology produced by the television advertising more easily accepted by the audience, this thesis in the three-dimensional computer-aided design advertising design application technology.

scholarly journals Hybrid Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Combination of Three-Dimensional Printing and Cell Photoencapsulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marica Markovic ◽  
Jasper Van Hoorick ◽  
Katja Hölzl ◽  
Maximilian Tromayer ◽  
Peter Gruber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Hydrogel Matrix

Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers versatile possibilities for adapting the structural parameters of tissue engineering scaffolds. However, it is also essential to develop procedures allowing efficient cell seeding independent of scaffold geometry and pore size. The aim of this study was to establish a method for seeding the scaffolds using photopolymerizable cell-laden hydrogels. The latter facilitates convenient preparation, and handling of cell suspension, while distributing the hydrogel precursor throughout the pores, before it is cross-linked with light. In addition, encapsulation of living cells within hydrogels can produce constructs with high initial cell loading and intimate cell-matrix contact, similar to that of the natural extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Three dimensional scaffolds were produced from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) by means of fused deposition modeling. A solution of methacrylamide-modified gelatin (Gel-MOD) in cell culture medium containing photoinitiator Li-TPO-L was used as a hydrogel precursor. Being an enzymatically degradable derivative of natural collagen, gelatin-based matrices are biomimetic and potentially support the process of cell-induced remodeling. Preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 at a density of 10 × 106 cells per 1 mL were used for testing the seeding procedure and cell proliferation studies. Obtained results indicate that produced constructs support cell survival and proliferation over extended duration of our experiment. The established two-step approach for scaffold seeding with the cells is simple, rapid, and is shown to be highly reproducible. Furthermore, it enables precise control of the initial cell density, while yielding their uniform distribution throughout the scaffold. Such hybrid tissue engineering constructs merge the advantages of rigid 3D printed constructs with the soft hydrogel matrix, potentially mimicking the process of ECM remodeling.

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF CAD AND CAE IN SME’S FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

2012 ◽  
pp. 221-223
Author(s):  
PRASHANT B. SAGAR ◽  
MADHUKAR R. NAGARE
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Small Manufacturer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computer Aided

Small manufacturing enterprises face a number of challenges when integrating computer aided design (CAD) tools and computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools into their design processes. One of the most significant challenges is interoperability across the wide range of commercial CAD and CAE tools. Although many of these tools support industry data standards and claim to be interoperable, the connection between them is not seamless. This paper summarizes studies of tool integration activities at one small manufacturer. The paper shows the enhancement of the product development process resulting from replacement of a two dimensional CAD system with a three-dimensional CAD system and creation of an inhouse capability to perform finite element analysis (FEA), replacing analysis that had previously been outsourced. As a result of these experiences, the manufacturer learned that improved productivity and superior designs could be obtained by integrating analysis into the design process at the earlier stages of conceptual and preliminary design.

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