Development of Scaffold Building Units and Assembly for Tissue Engineering Using Fused Deposition Modelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed H. Masood ◽  
Kadhim Alamara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Unit Cells

In tissue engineering (TE), a porous scaffold structure of biodegradable material is required as a template to guide the proliferation, growth and development of cells appropriately in three dimensions. The scaffold must meet design requirements of appropriate porosity, pore size and interconnected structure to allow cell proliferation and adhesion. This paper presents a methodology for design and manufacture of TE scaffolds with varying porosity by employing open structure building units and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technique. A computer modeling approach for constructing and assembly of three-dimensional unit cell structure is presented to provide a solution of scaffolds design that can potentially meet the diverse requirements of TE applications. A parametric set of open polyhedral unit cells is used to assist the user in designing the required micro-architecture of the scaffold with required porosity and pore size and then the Boolean operation is used to create the scaffold of a given CAD model from the designed microstructure. The procedure is verified by fabrication of physical scaffolds using the commercial FDM system.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

scholarly journals Characterization of Three-Dimensional Printed Composite Scaffolds Prepared with Different Fabrication Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Szlązak ◽  
J. Jaroszewicz ◽  
B. Ostrowska ◽  
T. Jaroszewicz ◽  
M. Nabiałek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Solution Casting ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Material Testing Machine

Abstract An optimal method for composites preparation as an input to rapid prototyping fabrication of scaffolds with potential application in osteochondral tissue engineering is still needed. Scaffolds in tissue engineering applications play a role of constructs providing appropriate mechanical support with defined porosity to assist regeneration of tissue. The aim of the presented study was to analyze the influence of composite fabrication methods on scaffolds mechanical properties. The evaluation was performed on polycaprolactone (PCL) with 5 wt% beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Three different methods of PCL-TCP composite preparation: solution casting, particles milling, extrusion and injection were used to provide material for scaffold fabrication. The obtained scaffolds were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope, x-ray micro computed tomography, thermal gravimetric analysis and static material testing machine. All of the scaffolds had the same geometry (cylinder, 4×6 mm) and fiber orientation (0/60/120°). There were some differences in the TCP distribution and formation of the ceramic agglomerates in the scaffolds. They depended on fabrication method. The use of composites prepared by solution casting method resulted in scaffolds with the best combination of compressive strength (5.7±0.2 MPa) and porosity (48.5±2.7 %), both within the range of trabecular bone.

Preparation and Characterization of Ha/Gel/β-TCP Microspheres Composite Porous Scaffold

2018 ◽  
Vol 782 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Yang Zi Zhao ◽  
You Fa Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Cell Compatibility ◽  
Hydrogel Scaffolds

Being one of the three elements of tissue engineering, three-dimensional porous structure scaffold plays an important role in tissue engineering. As it not only prvovide cells for the life, but also serves as a template to guide tissue regeneration and control of organizational structure and other functions. In this study, hyaluronic acid and gelatin are successfully cross-linked by 1-ethyl- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) , and compound β-TCP microspheres to prepare porous hydrogel scaffolds. The microspheres were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At the same time, the compressive strength, swelling ratio, degradation of the scaffold were tested. To assess the in vitro cell compatibility of the scaffolds, mouse L929 fibroblasts were seeded onto scaffolds for cell morphology and cell viability studies. The results showed that the pore size of the porous scaffold can be adjusted by changing the ratio of gelatin to hyaluronic acid (HA), increasing the proportion of hyaluronic acid in a certain range, pore size will be significantly increased. With the increase of the proportion of hyaluronic acid in the scaffold, the swelling ratio and the degradation rate also increased. The compressive strength of the scaffold increased with the increase of the proportion of gelatin. The appropriate ratio of β-TCP can promote cell growth and proliferation.

scholarly journals Hybrid Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Combination of Three-Dimensional Printing and Cell Photoencapsulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marica Markovic ◽  
Jasper Van Hoorick ◽  
Katja Hölzl ◽  
Maximilian Tromayer ◽  
Peter Gruber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Hydrogel Matrix

Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers versatile possibilities for adapting the structural parameters of tissue engineering scaffolds. However, it is also essential to develop procedures allowing efficient cell seeding independent of scaffold geometry and pore size. The aim of this study was to establish a method for seeding the scaffolds using photopolymerizable cell-laden hydrogels. The latter facilitates convenient preparation, and handling of cell suspension, while distributing the hydrogel precursor throughout the pores, before it is cross-linked with light. In addition, encapsulation of living cells within hydrogels can produce constructs with high initial cell loading and intimate cell-matrix contact, similar to that of the natural extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Three dimensional scaffolds were produced from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) by means of fused deposition modeling. A solution of methacrylamide-modified gelatin (Gel-MOD) in cell culture medium containing photoinitiator Li-TPO-L was used as a hydrogel precursor. Being an enzymatically degradable derivative of natural collagen, gelatin-based matrices are biomimetic and potentially support the process of cell-induced remodeling. Preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 at a density of 10 × 106 cells per 1 mL were used for testing the seeding procedure and cell proliferation studies. Obtained results indicate that produced constructs support cell survival and proliferation over extended duration of our experiment. The established two-step approach for scaffold seeding with the cells is simple, rapid, and is shown to be highly reproducible. Furthermore, it enables precise control of the initial cell density, while yielding their uniform distribution throughout the scaffold. Such hybrid tissue engineering constructs merge the advantages of rigid 3D printed constructs with the soft hydrogel matrix, potentially mimicking the process of ECM remodeling.

A Robust True Direct-Print Technology for Tissue Engineering

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
T. Dutta Roy ◽  
C. M. Smith ◽  
P. A. Clark ◽  
K. H. Church
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Liquid Material ◽  
Print Process

Numerous solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or rapid prototyping (RP) techniques have been employed in the field of tissue engineering to fabricate specially organized three-dimensional (3-D) structures such as scaffolds. Some such technologies include, but are not limited to, laminated object manufacturing (LOM), three-dimensional printing (3-DP) or ink-jet printing, selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). These techniques are capable of rapidly producing highly complex 3-D scaffolds or other biomedical structures with the aid of a computer-aided design (CAD) system. However, they suffer from lack of consistency and repeatability, since most of these processes are not fully controlled and cannot reproduce the previous work with accuracy. Also, these techniques (excluding FDM) are not truly direct-print processes. Certain material removing steps are involved, which in turn increases the complexity and the cost of fabrication. The FDM process has good repeatability; however, the materials that can be used are limited due to the high temperature needed to melt the feedstock. Some researchers also reported that the scaffolds fabricated by FDM lack consistency in the z-direction. In this paper, we will present a true direct-print technology for repeatedly producing scaffolds and other biomedical structures for tissue engineering with the aid of our Computer Aided Biological (CAB) tool. Unlike other SFF techniques mentioned above, our direct-print process fabricates scaffolds or other complex 3-D structures by extruding (dispensing) a liquid material onto the substrate with a prescribed pattern generated by a CAD program. This can be a layer-by-layer 2.5 dimension build or a true 3-D build. The dispensed liquid material then polymerizes or solidifies, to form a solid structure. The flexibility in the types of materials that can be extruded ranges from polymers to living cells, encapsulated in the proper material. True 3-D structures are now possible on a wide range of substrates, including even in vivo. Some of the advantages of the process are a) researchers have full control over the patterns to be created; b) it is a true direct-print process with no material removing steps involved; c) it is highly consistent and repeatable; and d) it is highly efficient and cost-effective. This paper will first give a detailed description of the CAB tool. Then, it will present a detailed process for printing polycaprolactone (PCL) into a defined 3-D architecture, where the primary focus for these constructs is for use in tissue engineering applications. Finally, mechanical characterization results of the printed scaffolds will be included in the paper.

An Analysis on Finding the Optimum Die Angle of Polylactic Acid in Fused Deposition Modelling

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽  
Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Scaffold Design ◽  
Fused Deposition

Rapid prototyping (RP) has been known as one of the advanced technology that grows tremendously over the few years. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the RP technologies, which is commonly used in producing three dimensional products. The study focus on the effect of dies angle in FDM nozzle and finds the optimum angle know as natural convergent angle (2θo).Polylactic acid (PLA) has been chosen as the material due to lots of advantages including biodegradability and acts as the base material for reconstructive structure for bone material. Extruding PLA material effectively is utilized under simulation method and the data obtain has been recorded. Die angle has been varied from 80o until 160o and it shows a different effect in pressure drop. Pressure drop need to be observed as it affects the road width of scaffold design, thus affecting the quality of the extruded part. The natural convergence angle (2θo) should be closed as to the die angle (2α) in order to get stability and consistency scaffold design. The natural convergent angle is found at 130o and can be considered as optimum die angle.

Biomaterials in the Reconstruction of Nasal Septum Perforation

2020 ◽  
pp. 000348942097058
Author(s):  
Izabella Rajzer ◽  
Pawel Stręk ◽  
Maciej Wiatr ◽  
Jacek Skladzien ◽  
Anna Kurowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Septal Cartilage ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Nasal Cartilage ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Septal Perforations

Introduction: Septal perforations are among the most common craniofacial defects. The causes of septal perforations are varied. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a septal cartilage implant biomaterial for use in the reconstruction of nasal septal perforations and prepare personalized implants for each patient individually using 3D printing technology. Methods: Fragments of septal nasal cartilage from 16 patients undergoing surgery for a deviated nasal septum were analyzed to establish microfeatures in individual samples. A scanning electron microscope was used to estimate the microstructure of the removed septal cartilage. 3D models of porous scaffolds were prepared, and a biomaterial was fabricated in the shape of the collected tissue using a 3D printer. Results: Of the various materials used in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology of 3D printing, PLLA was indicated as the most useful to achieve the expected implant features. The implant was designed using the indicated pre-designed shape of the scaffold, and appropriate topography, geometry and pore size were included in the design. Conclusions: The implant’s structure allows the use of this device as a framework to carry nanoparticles (antibiotics or bacteriophages). It is possible to create a porous scaffold with an appropriately matched shape and a pre-designed geometry and pore size to close nasal septal perforations even in cases of large septal cartilage defects.

scholarly journals The visualization of a mountain using 3D printing

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Jakub Wabiński ◽  
Marta Kuźma
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Terrain

Flat studies showing terrain (e.g. in form of maps) do not fully reflect its nature. Planning or design projects are definitely better represented in three-dimensional space. Previously used “sand tables”, especially popular in military applications, are expensive and uncomfortable to use due to their large size. In addition, they are modifiable only to a small extent and do not provide such accuracy as traditional maps. With the development of modern model relief techniques, a spectrum of the possibilities for development of customized spatial models (defined as models of the surrounding reality, mapped in the appropriate scale in three dimensions), has increased. The aim of this article is to present the possibilities of using 3D printing for the visualization of a mountain. Based on the digital terrain model (DTM), a model of a part of the Tatra Mountains was developed. It was established by DTM data processing and printing on a 3D printer using the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology. This article describes the principles for developing such a model and the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed solution. Keywords: cartography, digital terrain model, sand table, FDM technology

scholarly journals Design of Scaffold with Controlled internal Architecture using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2764-2768
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tool Path ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Scaffold Structure ◽  
Internal Architecture

In bone tissue engineering, scaffolds play a vital role in regeneration of tissue. It acts as a template for cell interaction and formation of extracellular matrix to provide structural support to newly formed bone tissues. The scaffold design and manufacturing with additive manufacturing method are still challenging. The parameters of scaffold structure are pore size, pore interconnectivity, porosity, and surface area to volume ratio, strength and stiffness of the material. Among these, porosity is directly influencing stiffness and strength of the structure. Higher porosity can accommodate more number of tissues and interconnected pore allow uniform distribution of cells in the scaffold structure. The objective of this work is to develop scaffold structures with controlled internal architecture using FDM and evaluate the percentage variation in compressive strength and structural modulus of scaffold structures. The internal architecture is controlled by porosity and pore size of scaffold with custom defined tool path of FDM system in pre-processing software. In this work, using the custom defined tool path with minimum slice thickness, the scaffold developed are found with maximum porosity of 82.7% and compressive strength varied from 1.76 MPa to 9.34 MPa and structural modulus of scaffold varied from 52.2 MPa to 212.MPa. These results showed that FDM process is suitable for tissue engineering applications. The material used in this study is ABS, which is biocompatible.

NIST Development of Reference Material Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy P. Dunkers ◽  
Stefan D. Leigh ◽  
Marcus T. Cicerone ◽  
Forrest A. Landis ◽  
Francis W. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Polymeric Scaffolds ◽  
Scaffold Materials ◽  
Radiological Health

In consultation with ASTM and other stakeholders in Tissue-Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs) industry, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated a project designed to produce Reference Material scaffolds for tissue engineering. The rationale for Reference Material scaffolds was developed through several NIST/Industry workshops. In brief, Reference Material scaffolds have multiple uses: facilitating the development and the validation of new test methods that measure interactions among various components of a TEMP; comparison with other scaffolds and scaffold materials in terms of cellular responses, biodegradation, and releases of growth factors; and comparisons of responses among various cell lines. The primary customers for Reference Material scaffolds are expected to be the TEMPs industry, academic researchers, regulators, and standards developing organizations. There are many properties of a TEMP that warrant development of multiple Reference Material scaffolds. Currently, NIST is defining a set of Reference Material scaffolds based on geometric descriptors such as permeability, pore volume, pore size distribution, interconnectivity, and tortuosity. In consultation with ASTM, NIST is testing three candidate scaffolds produced by: three dimensional (3-D) printing, stereolithography, and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Scaffolds made by these methods have been obtained from Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN), Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) (Cleveland, OH), and Osteopore International (Singapore), respectively, for structural characterization. These prototype scaffolds, with well-defined architectures, have been selected to address the following items of interest: 1) establishment of useful functional definitions of porosity content, interconnectivity, and pores; 2) evaluation of testing methods listed in the Standard Guide for the Porosity of Polymeric Scaffolds for Use in Tissue-Engineered Medical Products, which is being drafted by ASTM. Currently, NIST and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the Food and Drug Administration, as well as other groups from US and foreign laboratories, are actively carrying out cross-validation test of these prototype scaffolds.

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