The Need for In-Situ Pipe Support Testing

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry May
Keyword(s):  
Creep Damage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Accelerated Creep ◽  
Constant Support ◽  
Full Operation

Pipe support functionality is critical to the long term life of piping system. Spring supports degrade with time due to flexing in the spring and wear in constant support bearings. It is not unusual to measure constant support hangers with resistance 25% to 50% different than the design load. This leads to excessive sustained pipe stress, pipe sag (or uplift), and in high temperature systems, accelerated creep damage. Supports may also not move properly from shut down to full operation, which can create excessive fatigue stress, failed hanger components, and other piping system damage. In-situ hanger testing has been found to be a reliable and cost effective method to determine the functionality of pipe supports. Results are used as input to set revised recommended loads, and to determine if any hangers need to be replaced. This paper provides examples of the types of problems that are often found in the field, the method to test, and typical resolutions to maximize the pipe life and minimize the risk of failure.

Performance of bycatch reduction devices varies for chondrichthyan, reptile, and cetacean mitigation in demersal fish trawls: assimilating subsurface interactions and unaccounted mortality

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey B. Wakefield ◽  
Julia Santana-Garcon ◽  
Stacey R. Dorman ◽  
Stuart Blight ◽  
Ainslie Denham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Trawl Fishery ◽  
Bycatch Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Species Specific

To improve bycatch mitigation of chondrichthyans, reptiles and cetaceans for a tropical demersal fish-trawl fishery, species-specific responses to bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) were investigated using both in situ subsurface and onboard observations. There are few, if any, studies that have determined mitigation performances of BRDs from subsurface interactions for these species, as most are rarely encountered and thus require substantial levels of observer coverage for robust assessments. This study combined in-net and onboard (774 day trawls and 1320 day trawl hours of subsurface observer coverage) electronic monitoring on all fish-trawl vessels (n = 3) to compare bycatch mitigation performances among nine megafauna groups, based on escape rates and interaction durations for three BRDs over 6 months (June to December 2012). Overall, 26.9% of day trawls had no megafauna interactions and 38.3% of the 1826 interactions escaped, with most in rapid time (91.4% in ≤ 5 min). The upward inclined exclusion grid significantly improved the escape proportions for most chondrichthyans by 20–30%. All BRDs were highly effective in reducing reptile (turtles and seasnakes) bycatch, but irrelevant for the few sawfish (n = 13) that readily entangled in the anterior of the net. Cetacean (bottlenose dolphins only) interactions with BRDs were very rare (n = 7) despite high levels of attendance and depredation during trawling. Loss of targeted teleosts through the BRD hatch was rare (1.3% of day trawls). This relatively cost-effective method of electronic monitoring achieved very high levels of subsurface observer coverage (60% of day trawls or 56% of day trawl hours), and provided evidence that the subsurface expulsion of megafauna in poor condition is negligible. Furthermore, this study provides species-specific improvements toward bycatch mitigation strategies for demersal fish trawling.

Patchiness in distribution of rodents and mustelids in New Zealand forests

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Fern Watkins ◽  
Judith L. McWhirter ◽  
Carolyn M. King
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The North ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Density Indices

Context. Relative density indices assuming uniform distribution of the target species are often the only cost-effective method for monitoring a population over the long term and at landscape scale, and the only source of valuable historical data. Yet, theoretical models emphasise the dangers of ignoring spatial heterogeneity, especially in short-term field data. Aims. To test whether Brown’s index of patchiness (BIP) can offer a simple means of checking rodent and mustelid survey data for violations of the assumption of uniform distribution. Methods. We use BIP to interrogate long-term legacy data collected by index trapping of mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) and stoats (Mustela erminea) in New Zealand forests. Key results. We found evidence of moderately patchy distributions that were independent of abundance in all three species. In two South Island beech (Nothofagus) forest valleys, 19% (6 of 31) of mouse samples and 8% (3 of 36) of stoat samples were significantly patchy, correlated with a seedfall event; in mixed forest at Pureora in the North Island, significant patchiness in distribution of ship rats was recorded in 19% (16 of 84) of Fenn trap samples and 5% (2 of 42) of rodent trap samples. Conclusions. Moderate patchiness is common. The consequences for any given study depend on the purpose of the work, but may be more important for practical management than for population modeling.

Continuous Creep Damage Monitoring Using a Novel Potential Drop Technique

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrin M. Davies ◽  
Peter Nagy ◽  
Aditya Narayanan ◽  
Peter Cawley
Keyword(s):  
Creep Strain ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Potential Drop ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Damage Monitoring ◽  
Accelerated Creep ◽  
Resistivity Variation

A new directional low-frequency Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) technique has been developed for continuous in-situ monitoring of creep strain and damage in alloys. The sensor relies on a modified ACPD technique that measures simultaneously both values of resistance in the axial and lateral directions using a square electrode configuration. The technique monitors the variation in the ratio of the measured axial and lateral resistances, therefore can efficiently separate the mostly isotropic common part of the resistivity variation caused by reversible temperature variations from the mostly anisotropic differential part caused by direct geometrical and indirect material effects of creep. Initially, this ratio can be considered proportional to the axial creep strain, while at later stages, the resistance ratio accelerates due to the formation of directional discontinuities such as preferentially oriented grain boundary cavities and micro-cracking in the material. This ACPD technique has been applied to a series of accelerated creep tests on 2.25CrMoV Steel at 650 °C. The results are presented and the application of the method for online component monitoring is discussed.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS OF <i>PINUS ROXBHURGHII</i> USING SLOPE BASED VEGETATION INDEX MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-5/W2 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
A. M. Joshi ◽  
S. Shahnawaz ◽  
B. Ranjit
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Planted Tree

Abstract. Pinus roxburghii is one of the important and most widely planted tree species in Nepal. Despite its large abundance and high economic values, limited studies on its AGB have been conducted in Nepal, especially using in situ non-destructive method. There are different methods to study the AGB. Regression equation based on the correlation between VI and AGB is cost effective method, and replicable in another sites of similar environment by just acquiring satellite images. Numerous methods have been developed to calculate VIs and each calculated VI shows different relation with AGB in different environments for same species. Therefore, there is a need to identify a most appropriate VI that has the highest correlation with AGB of P. roxburghii. The current study was carried out in Hattiban and Dollu community forests of Kathmandu district, using ResourceSat-2 imagery. In this study, Slope based VIs were used. Regression analysis between slope based VIs and AGB showed that relation between all VIs and AGB were significant. However, NDVI had the highest relation with AGB compared to others. Therefore, it was concluded that NDVI was the most appropriate VI to estimate AGB of P. roxburghii, and the regression equation with NDVI was used to estimate the AGB of P. roxburghii in the study area.

scholarly journals A review on phytoremediation as an ecological method for in situ clean up of heavy metals contaminated soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 03024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Cioica ◽  
Cătălina Tudora ◽  
Dorin Iuga ◽  
György Deak ◽  
Monica Matei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Heavy metals are among the most common types of contaminants in agricultural soils, especially those bordering the cities, due to the uncontrolled use of sewage sludge, compost, mining waste and chemical fertilizers. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals, which do not degrade over time, adversely affects crop yields by decreasing microbial activity and fertility of contaminated soils. Also, excess of heavy metals in the soil poses a serious threat to plant and animal health and, through their entry into the food chain, to human health. For this reason, the decontamination of soils contaminated with heavy metals has become a necessity. This review presents the current state of phytoremediation research as the most cost-effective method of in-situ environmental decontamination of soils contaminated with heavy metals.

Industry-collected target strength of high seas orange roughy in the Indian Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Scoulding ◽  
Rudy Kloser
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Orange Roughy ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
High Seas

Abstract Visually verified in situ target strengths (TS) are the state of the science for determining the conversion from acoustic echo-integration surveys to biomass. Here, we show how these measurements can be made by high seas fisheries during normal operations using a net-attached acoustic optical system (AOS) without specialized personnel on board. In situ TS were collected from ∼45 cm standard length (SL) orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in the southern Indian Ocean at 38 and 120 kHz. We use a multiple lines of evidence approach to demonstrate that the previous TS–SL equation developed for ∼10 cm smaller fish in Australia and New Zealand is not suitable for the larger orange roughy and instead propose new TS–SL equations. Our findings show that biomass estimates at 38 kHz will be reduced by ∼58% when using this new TS–SL compared to the existing TS–SL for smaller fish. This highlights the error of extrapolating TS–SL equations outside the measurement range. For this high sea region, the net-attached AOS represented a practical cost-effective method to obtain measurements and provide a result that could be used to inform the management of the stocks. We suggest that this method would be useful in all deep-water fisheries to monitor the TS of the fish for a range of environmental and ontogenetic conditions.

scholarly journals Structural and Electrochemical Analysis of Decarburized Graphene Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Noor Zaman ◽  
Rizwan Ahmed Malik ◽  
Hussein Alrobei ◽  
Jaehwan Kim ◽  
Muhammad Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Foam ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Multilayer Graphene ◽  
Supercapacitor Electrode ◽  
Large Intensity ◽  
Graphene Synthesis ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Carbon Precipitation

In this research, a facile and cost-effective method of graphene synthesis by the modified carburization process and its applications for supercapacitor electrodes is reported. In this simple approach, carbon was diffused into nickel foam and naturally cooled to obtain carbon precipitation for the in situ growth of graphene by decarburization. Phase-structure and surface-morphology analysis revealed the presence of a highly reduced structure of the graphene layer. Furthermore, the large-intensity D, substantial G, and 2D bands in Raman spectra were attributed to disordered multilayer graphene. The three-electrode systems were used to measure electrochemical efficiency. The electrode sample exhibited enhanced current density of 0.6 A/g, electrode energy of 1.0008 Wh/kg, and power density of 180 W/kg, showing significant electrochemical performance for supercapacitor electrode applications.

scholarly journals Unconsented linkage between dormant trials and administrative data: practical and regulatory implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximiliane Verfuerden ◽  
Mary Fewtrell ◽  
Kathy Kennedy ◽  
Alan Lucas ◽  
John Jerrim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Match Trial ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Education Records

Half of all infants are fed formula milk. However, attrition biases evidence on the long-term safety of formula ingredients. We used unconsented linkage between administrative education and health records of 3,500 young people who were randomised as infants to formula milks, to determine long-term safety and efficacy. We discuss the steps that were implemented to safeguard the participants' privacy and achieve ethical and multi-institutional approvals. Achieving provisional ethical approval took 41 days. Achieving agreement-in-principle to match trial data to individual-level education records took 4 months and 2 weeks, while agreement to match trial data to individual level hospital records is still underway (5.5 months so far). Delays in institutional approval were largely due to unharmonised data security certificates between the two government departments holding the health and education records. Digitising all handwritten participant identifiers prior to linkage took 9 months. Results on the success of linkage between trial and education records will be presented at the conference. While directly contributing to the evidence around infant-formula-composition, this project will also act as a proof-of-concept study. Unconsented linkage between dormant RCTs and administrative data could be a novel and cost-effective method to generate evidence on the long-term efficacy and safety of interventions.

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