Realization of a Fully Optically Accessible Medium Speed Large Bore Engine Using a Fisheye Optic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Karmann ◽  
Christian Friedrich ◽  
Maximilian Prager ◽  
Georg Wachtmeister
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Nominal Load ◽  
Fire Engine

Abstract To address one of the main environmental concerns, the engine out emissions, an enhanced understanding of the combustion process itself is fundamental. Recent optical and laser optical measurement techniques provide a promising approach to investigate and optimize the combustion process regarding emissions. These measurement techniques are already quite common for passenger car and truck size engines and significantly contribute to their improvement. Transferring these measurement techniques to large bore engines from low to high speed is still rather more uncommon especially due to the bigger challenges caused by the engine size and thus much higher stability requirements and design effort for optical accessibility. To cover this new field of research a new approach for a medium speed large bore engine was developed using a fisheye optic mounted centrally in the cylinder head to design a fully optically accessible engine test bench. This new approach is detailed with a test setup layout and a stability concept consisting of cooling systems and the development of a suitable operation strategy based on simulation and experimental verification. The design of this single cylinder engine with 350mm bore and 440mm stroke providing 530kW nominal load at 750 rpm was tested up to 85% nominal load in skipped fire engine operation mode. The measurements of the flame chemiluminescence of a dual fuel combustion of the diesel gas type present proof of the feasibility of the new design as a starting point for future systematic studies on the combustion process of large bore engines.

HCCI Combustion With Various Fuels for Heavy and Light Duty Engines

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Wagner ◽  
Razvan Anca ◽  
Amin Velji ◽  
Ulrich Spicher ◽  
Sven Po¨ttker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Hcci Combustion

Single-cylinder engine tests were carried out to assess the influence of several engine operating parameters on HCCI combustion. For the experiments, single-cylinder engines with cylinder volumes of 0.5 and 2 liter were used to represent light and heavy duty application. Engine operation parameters like EGR-rate, air / fuel ratio and injection timing were varied to analyze their influence on the combustion while using different fuels such as Diesel, Gas to Liquid (GtL) and gasoline. Special emphasis was put on synthetic fuels as on the one hand these fuels offer the possibility to “design” them according to the combustion process requirement. On the other hand these GtL — or BtL (Biomass to Liquid) — fuels also lead to a higher independence from fossil fuels. Besides engine out emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, O2, HC, soot) and in-cylinder pressure indication for burning process analysis, optical measurement techniques were used for combustion analysis. With different optical probes in-cylinder soot concentration was measured with the Two-Color-Method. In addition UV radiation of OH-radicals was detected with an intensified camera. This procedure allows the differentiation between the beginning of combustion with OH-radical formation and a possible soot formation due to insufficient homogenization.

Investigating the Flexural Behaviour of Foams at High Strain Rate Using Optical Measurement Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 569-570 ◽  
pp. 799-804
Author(s):  
Duncan A. Crump ◽  
Janice M. Dulieu-Barton
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
Point Bend

Polymer closed cell foam beam specimens manufactured from H100 Divinycell (Diab) are tested in four point bend at three loading speeds using a specially designed rig and an Instron VHS test machine. Synchronised high speed images are captured using white light and infra-red thermography (IRT) to obtain the mid-point full-field deflection and strains using digital image correlation (DIC) along with the temperature evolutions. There is a marked increase in the maximum load to failure with loading rate and the optical techniques provide an opportunity to analyse the strain and temperature evolution within the specimens.

Investigation of Fuel Spray Propagation, Combustion and Soot Formation/Oxidation in a Single Cylinder Medium Speed Diesel Engine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fridolin Unfug ◽  
Uwe Wagner ◽  
Kai W. Beck ◽  
Juergen Pfeil ◽  
Ulf Waldenmaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fuel Spray ◽  
Soot Concentration ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
532 Nm

To fulfil strict emission regulations and the need for higher efficiency of future Diesel engines require an optimized combustion process. Optical investigations represent a powerful tool for getting a better understanding of the ongoing processes. For medium speed Diesel engines, optical investigations are relatively rare or not available. The “Institut für Kolbenmaschinen” (IFKM) and MAN Diesel & Turbo SE performed extensive optical in-situ investigations of the injection and combustion process of a MAN 32/44 CR single cylinder medium speed Diesel engine that provide previously unavailable insights into the ongoing processes. The optical investigations aimed on fuel spray visualization, high-speed soot luminescence measurement and two colour pyrometry applied for five combustion chamber regions. To apply the optical measurement techniques, two optical accesses were designed. Access no. 1 is placed near the cylinder liner. Access no. 2 is located close to the injector in a 46° angle to the cylinder vertical axis. An insert was used which consists of an illumination port and a visualization endoscope. Additionally some special nozzle designs were used beside the standard nozzle, which have one separated nozzle hole. This enables a simultaneous view from both optical accesses on the same flame cone. For Mie-Scattering investigation a pulsed Nd:YAG-Laser with 532 nm wavelength was used for illumination and a CCD-camera with an upstream 532 nm optical filter was used for visualization. This combination allows observing the liquid fuel distribution even after start of combustion. Penetration depth of liquid fuel spray was analysed for different swirl numbers, intake manifold pressures, injection timings and injection pressures. High-speed flame visualization was done by two CMOS cameras which were mounted at two different optical accesses with view on the same flame cone. Due to this application a simultaneous measurement of the flame distribution of two different views was possible. This enables a 3-dimensional investigation of the flame propagation process. In addition, the advanced two colour pyrometry was applied for five different regions of the same flame cone. Due to a calibration after each measurement the absolute radiant flux can be calculated and thus the absolute temperature and soot concentration. With this procedure it was possible to give a real temperature and soot concentration distribution of the flame cone. To provide more detailed information about the combustion process, selected engine operation points were simulated with a modified version of the CFD code KIVA3v-Release2 at the IFKM. The simulated results were compared to the measured data.

Analysis of the Combustion Process in a EURO III Heavy-Duty Direct Injection Diesel Engine

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Desantes ◽  
J. V. Pastor ◽  
J. Arre`gle ◽  
S. A. Molina
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Representative Points

To fulfill the commitments of future pollutant regulations, current development of direct injection (DI) Diesel engines requires to improve knowledge on the injection/combustion process and the effect of the injection parameters and engine operation conditions upon the spray and flame characteristics and how they affect engine performance and pollutant emissions. In order to improve comprehension of the phenomena inherent to Diesel combustion, a deep experimental study has been performed in a single-cylinder engine with the main characteristics of a six-cylinder engine passing the EURO III legislation. Some representative points of the 13-mode engine test cycle have been considered modifying the nominal values of injection pressure, injection load, intake pressure, engine speed, and injection timing. The study combines performance and emissions experimental measurements together with heat release law (HRL) analysis and high-speed visualization. Controlling parameters for BSFC, NOx, and soot emissions are identified in the last part of the paper.

scholarly journals High-Speed Photography and Digital Optical Measurement Techniques for Geomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1611-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Z. Xing ◽  
Q. B. Zhang ◽  
C. H. Braithwaite ◽  
B. Pan ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
High Speed Photography

CFD simulation-based predesign of an advanced gas-diesel combustion concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110350
Author(s):  
Hubert Winter ◽  
Kevin Aßmus ◽  
Christoph Redtenbacher ◽  
Dimitar Dimitrov ◽  
Andreas Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Virtual Design ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Methane Slip

The greenhouse gas saving potential of using gaseous fuels with high methane content (e.g. natural gas) in internal combustion engines instead of conventional liquid fossil fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel) is considerable due to the comparatively low emission of carbon dioxide resulting from the low C/H ratio of methane. However, to fully exploit this potential, it is of utmost importance to keep methane slip at a very low level. In contrast to mixture aspirated gas engines and diesel-gas engines, the gas-diesel combustion concept avoids methane slip nearly completely since the gaseous fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber at the end of the high-pressure phase of the engine cycle, resulting in mixing-controlled combustion with low emission of unburned hydrocarbons. An advanced high-speed large engine concept based on the gas-diesel combustion process was developed. An effective and reliable virtual design methodology was applied during the development of the concept. The methodology comprehensively combines 3D CFD and 1D simulation tools in the combustion concept predesign phase with experiments on a single-cylinder research engine in the concept validation phase. A major challenge in the virtual design of this dual fuel combustion process is the large number of degrees of freedom that result in particular from the use of a fully flexible combined gas/diesel injector. This paper describes in detail the role of 3D CFD simulation in this approach, which allows precise prediction of the optimal geometries and operating strategies for high-efficiency and low-emission engine operation.

Basic Research on Elemental and Size Analytical System for Nano-Sized Suspended Particulate Matter Using Contactless Optical Measurement Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ikezawa ◽  
T. Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Incandescence ◽  
Particulate Size

A contactless sensing system for nano-sized carbonaceous particulate matter using laser-induced incandescence (LII) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. The LIBS technique allows detecting elemental composition and density of the SPMs, and LII technique allows to measure particulate size. LII technique is temporal resolved method that enables measurement of soot particulate sizes in a combustion process. In the case of the measured material consisting of a carbonaceous element, it is easy to determine the particulate diameter distribution derived from the time-profile of emission attenuation signals during cooling process, because the cooling behaviour is characteristic of the particulate diameter in LII technique. However, in actuality, the SPMs consist of several different types of elements. By using LIBS technique, the elemental analysis is able to conduct easily.

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