Application, Design and Operation Considerations for Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers in Liquefied Natural Gas Service

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Douglas Miller ◽  
Joe A. Belling ◽  
Jane C. Tettambel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Operational Design ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Lng Liquefaction

Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers (BAHX) are commonly used for heat transfer equipment in liquefied natural gas (LNG) services. Specific operational design parameters as well as mechanical design characteristics are critical to consider in the construction and ultimately for the operation of the unit in order to ensure a safe design and successful operation for the facility. The growth and demand for natural gas has been extensive in recent years as clean burning fuels have become more of a priority than coal plants. Due to limited natural gas supplies, many LNG facilities have been considered as a means to provide and meet the consumers’ needs for natural gas. These LNG facilities such as LNG import receiving terminals or LNG Liquefaction Plants have a need for handling cryogenic materials. In these LNG applications, BAHX are an ideal fit for this use and have many advantages as a result of being able to be designed for minimal approach temperatures as well as lower log mean temperature differences (LMTD) than other exchanger types. These parameters are key to the plant’s refrigeration and overall energy loads. Discussed and detailed in this paper will be various uses and applications for BAHX along with design considerations for their use. Details regarding materials of construction, maintenance, and other mechanical aspects will be presented that lead to a safe and reliable means for transferring heat.

scholarly journals Phase-Controlled Thyristor Sub-Synchronous Damper Converter for a Liquefied Natural Gas Plant

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5238
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Bongini ◽  
Rosa Anna Mastromauro ◽  
Daniele Sgrò ◽  
Fabrizio Malvaldi
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Torsional Vibrations ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Torsional Instability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Plant Configuration

In electrified liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants variable frequency drives (VFDs) interact with turbine-generator (TG) units creating torsional vibrations known as sub-synchronous torsional interactions (SSTIs). Torsional vibrations can be dangerous for an LNG plant when they involve torsional instability. The stability of an LNG plant depends on the plant configuration and on the number of TG units and of VFDs. In such peculiar configurations stability cannot be achieved acting of the VFDs control system. Alternatively, dedicated equipment is needed to damp the torsional vibrations. In this paper, a sub-synchronous damper (SSD) converter is used to mitigate the SSTI phenomena. The SSD converter consists of a thyristor H-bridge regulating the phase of the additional torque provided at the TG unit air-gap. A phase control system is proposed and is based on the torsional torque oscillations measurement. An adaptive reference signal is employed, also guaranteeing high performance in island-mode operation. The proposed solution increases the damping of the LNG plant in all the considered configurations. The LNG plant successful operation is validated by comprehensive results.

Property Risk Assessment for Liquefied Natural Gas Liquefaction Plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Orme ◽  
Mauro Venturini
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Probable Maximum Loss ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Lng Liquefaction

Abstract Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) liquefaction plants have become increasingly important as natural gas is exported from the United States of America to markets world-wide. Downtime of any part of the process train (gas turbine, compressors, controls, etc.) due to failure of one or more of its components can result in high costs. The total cost of loss is of great concern to the LNG industry as it moves towards increased LNG exports with required operational efficiency, and downtime reduced to a minimum. This paper reports the application of a methodology of property risk assessment, providing insight into the use of PML (Probable Maximum Loss) and MFL (Maximum Foreseeable Loss) risk measures. Major sources of risk are analyzed, drawing from both technical literature and operational information on typical large LNG liquefaction plants. The outcome of this paper is an estimation of the economic loss associated with property risk for two hypothetical LNG liquefaction plants, based upon sample plants located in North America and characterized by different capacity. These plants represent recently built and commissioned plants and are chosen to take advantage of current technology and plant capacities.

Multi-Objective Shape Optimization Design for Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic Helical Corrugated Steel Pipe

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixun Yang ◽  
Jun Yan ◽  
Jinlong Chen ◽  
Qingzhen Lu ◽  
Qianjin Yue
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Operation Conditions

Recently, the flexible cryogenic hose has been preferred as an alternative to exploit offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG), in which helical corrugated steel pipe is the crucial component with C-shaped corrugation. Parametric finite element models of the LNG cryogenic helical corrugated pipe are established using a three-dimensional shell element in this paper. Considering the nonlinearity of cryogenic material and large geometric structural deformation, mechanical behaviors are simulated under axial tension, bending, and internal pressure loads. In addition, design parameters are determined to optimize the shape of flexible cryogenic hose structures through sectional dimension analysis, and sensitivity analysis is performed with changing geometric parameters. A multi-objective optimization to minimize stiffness and stress is formulated under operation conditions. Full factorial experiment and radial basis function (RBF) neural network are applied to establish the approximated model for structure analysis. The set of Pareto optimal solutions and value range of parameters are obtained through nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) under manufacturing and stiffness constraints, thereby providing a feasible optimal approach for the structural design of LNG cryogenic corrugated hose.

Application of Boil Off Gas Compressors in Liquefied Natural Gas Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Pradeep Pillai ◽  
Dipanjan Bhattacharya ◽  
David Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lng Liquefaction ◽  
Gas Plants

This paper discusses complexities and challenges of managing boil off gas (BOG) in liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction plants. Most publications in the past have focused on regasification terminals and have not addressed the area of liquefaction plants. The paper discusses the generation and management of BOG and the associated networks and machinery to manage it. BOG options available for both Greenfield plants and in debottlenecking situations are covered. The advantages and disadvantages of different options and compressor systems are covered and the concept of dynamic simulation as an analysis tool is addressed.

Numerical and wind tunnel investigation of Hot Air Recirculation across Liquefied Natural Gas Air Cooled Heat Exchangers

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 409-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saud Ghani ◽  
Seifelislam Mahmoud Ahmad Gamaledin ◽  
Foteini Bakochristou ◽  
Esmail El-Bialy ◽  
Mohamed Mostafa Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Hot Air

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer of Liquefied Natural Gas in Horizontal Circular Tubes under Supercritical Pressure

2014 ◽  
Vol 960-961 ◽  
pp. 438-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yu Meng ◽  
Shu Zhong Wang ◽  
Lu Zhou ◽  
Zhi Qiang Wu ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Supercritical Pressure ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Circular Tubes ◽  
Submerged Combustion

The submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV) is a kind of equipment used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporization. In order to get insights into the heat transfer of supercritical LNG, numerical simulations were carried out in this paper for investigating heat transfer of LNG in horizontal circular tubes under supercritical pressure. Numerical results showed that LNG temperature at the outlet under the design parameters was 276 K which met the demands of application. The velocity of LNG at the outlet was 12 m/s, and the pressure drop along the ducts was 120 kPa.

scholarly journals Rapid Simulation of Solid Deposition in Cryogenic Heat Exchangers To Improve Risk Management in Liquefied Natural Gas Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey J. Baker ◽  
Jordan H. Oakley ◽  
Darren Rowland ◽  
Thomas J. Hughes ◽  
Zachary M. Aman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Production ◽  
Solid Deposition

scholarly journals Risks and Safety Measures Associated with the Storage and Transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-418
Author(s):  
Luigi Palestini ◽  
Fabio Sassu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Emergency Procedures ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Lng Liquefaction ◽  
Storage Facilities

In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in LNG liquefaction and regasification capacity of many countries. The factors underlying this growth are the use of LNG to produce electricity, a reduction in costs due to technological advances and the current environmental concerns. In Italy, natural gas is transported into pipelines and LNG mainly by road, starting from coastal storage facilities, or from docks. But together with the development of these activities there is also a need to assess and counter the related risks. The handling of tanks offers dispersion scenarios connected to collision or impact, or to leaks during LNG transfer operations. So, there may be a need for emergency LNG transferring, managing the risks of the scenario. Some emergency procedures and safety measures for LNG storage and transport have been studied by the Italian Firefighters. This work offers a brief overview of the risks and safety measures associated with LNG storage and road transport in Italy and Europe.

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