An Experimental Study of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangyue Zhang ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Steven F. Son ◽  
Thomas A. Gennarelli
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Trauma Studies ◽  
Injury Biomechanics ◽  
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Complicated Nature

Traumatic brain injury from explosive devices has become the signature wound of the U.S. armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan [1–4]. However, due to the complicated nature of this specific form of brain injury, little is known about the injury mechanisms. Physical head models have been used in blunt and penetrating head trauma studies to obtain biomechanical data and correlate to mechanisms of injury [5–8]. The current study is designed to investigate intracranial head/brain injury biomechanics under blast loading using a physical head model.

Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Mechanisms

Neurotrauma ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McNeil ◽  
Zachary Bailey ◽  
Allison Guettler ◽  
Pamela VandeVord
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Mechanism Of Injury ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Biomechanical Investigation

Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a leading cause of head injury in soldiers returning from the battlefield. Primary blast brain injury remains controversial with little evidence to support a primary mechanism of injury. The four main theories described herein include blast wave transmission through skull orifices, direct cranial transmission, thoracic surge, and skull flexure dynamics. It is possible that these mechanisms do not occur exclusively from each other, but rather that several of them lead to primary blast brain injury. Biomechanical investigation with in-vivo, cadaver, and finite element models would greatly increase our understanding of bTBI mechanisms.

MRI-Based Three Dimensional Modeling of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI)

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Ganpule ◽  
Linxia Gu ◽  
Namas Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Improvised Explosive ◽  
Explosive Devices

Blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is signature injury in recent combat scenarios involving improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The exact mechanisms of bTBI are still unclear and protective role of helmet and body armor is often questioned [1–3]. High Fidelity finite element models involving fluid structure interaction are built in order to understand effectiveness of helmet in mitigating early time blast induced mild traumatic brain injury.

Experimental Study on Non-Exit Ballistic Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangyue Zhang ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Yabo Guan ◽  
Thomas A. Gennarelli
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Injury Biomechanics ◽  
The Brain

Ballistic-induced traumatic brain injury remains the most severe type of injury with the highest rate of fatality. Yet, its injury biomechanics remains the least understood. Ballistic injury biomechanics studies have been mostly focused on the trunk and extremities using large gelatin blocks with unconstrained boundaries [1, 2]. Results from these investigations are not directly applicable to brain injuries studies because the human head is smaller and the soft brain is enclosed in a relatively rigid cranium. Thali et al. developed a “skin-skull-brain” model to reproduce gunshot wounds to the head for forensic purposes [3]. These studies focused on wound morphology to the skull rather than brain injury. Watkins et al. used human dry skulls filled with gelatin and investigated temporary cavities and pressure change [4]. However, the frame rate of the cine X-ray was too slow to describe the cavity dynamics, and pressures were only quantified at the center of skull. In addition, the ordnance gelatin used in these studies is not the most suitable simulant to model brain material because of differences in dynamic moduli [5]. Sylgard gel (Dow Corning Co., Midland, MI) demonstrates similar behavior as the brain and has been used as a brain surrogate to determine brain deformations under blunt impact loading [6, 7]. Zhang et al. used the simulant for ballistic brain injury and investigated the correlation between temporary cavity pulsation and pressure change [8, 9]. However, the skulls used in these models were not as rigid as the human cranium. The presence of a stronger cranial bone may significantly decrease the projectile velocity and change the kinematics of cavity and pressure distribution in the cranium. In addition, projectiles perforated through the models in these studies. Patients with through-and-through perforating gunshot wounds to the head have a greater fatality rate than patients with non-exit penetrating wounds [10]. Therefore, it is more clinically relevant to investigate non-exit ballistic traumatic brain injuries. Consequently, the current study is designed to investigate the brain injury biomechanics from non-exit penetrating projectile using an appropriately sized and shaped physical head model.

scholarly journals Allocation of funding into blast injury-related research and blast traumatic brain injury between 2000 and 2019: analysis of global investments from public and philanthropic funders

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001655
Author(s):  
J W Denny ◽  
R J Brown ◽  
M G Head ◽  
J Batchelor ◽  
A S Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Research Investment ◽  
Ear Injury ◽  
Injury Research

IntroductionThere is little systematic tracking or detailed analysis of investments in research and development for blast injury to support decision-making around research future funding.MethodsThis study examined global investments into blast injury-related research from public and philanthropic funders across 2000–2019. Research databases were searched using keywords, and open data were extracted from funder websites. Data collected included study title, abstract, award amount, funder and year. Individual awards were categorised to compare amounts invested into different blast injuries, the scientific approaches taken and analysis of research investment into blast traumatic brain injury (TBI).ResultsA total of 806 awards were identified into blast injury-related research globally, equating to US$902.1 million (m, £565.9m GBP). There was a general increase in year-on-year investment between 2003 and 2009 followed by a consistent decline in annual funding since 2010. Pre-clinical research received $671.3 m (74.4%) of investment. Brain-related injury research received $427.7 m (47.4%), orthopaedic injury $138.6 m (15.4%), eye injury $63.7 m (7.0%) and ear injury $60.5m (6.7%). Blast TBI research received a total investment of $384.3 m, representing 42.6% of all blast injury-related research. The U.S. Department of Defense funded $719.3 m (80%).ConclusionsInvestment data suggest that blast TBI research has received greater funding than other blast injury health areas. The funding pattern observed can be seen as reactive, driven by the response to the War on Terror, the rising profile of blast TBI and congressionally mandated research.

scholarly journals A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie H. Guley ◽  
Joshua T. Rogers ◽  
Nobel A. Del Mar ◽  
Yunping Deng ◽  
Rafiqul M. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Closed Head

scholarly journals Righting Reflex Predicts Long-Term Histological and Behavioral Outcomes in a Closed Head Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e0161053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Grin’kina ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Margalit Haber ◽  
Michael Sangobowale ◽  
Elena Nikulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Righting Reflex

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury and sight loss in military and veteran populations– a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda F. Hussain ◽  
Zara Raza ◽  
Andrew T. G. Cash ◽  
Thomas Zampieri ◽  
Robert A. Mazzoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Combat Exposure ◽  
Sight Loss ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Subsequent Rise ◽  
Visual Disturbances

AbstractWar and combat exposure pose great risks to the vision system. More recently, vision related deficiencies and impairments have become common with the increased use of powerful explosive devices and the subsequent rise in incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Studies have looked at the effects of injury severity, aetiology of injury and the stage at which visual problems become apparent. There was little discrepancy found between the frequencies or types of visual dysfunctions across blast and non-blast related groups, however complete sight loss appeared to occur only in those who had a blast-related injury. Generally, the more severe the injury, the greater the likelihood of specific visual disturbances occurring, and a study found total sight loss to only occur in cases with greater severity. Diagnosis of mild TBI (mTBI) is challenging. Being able to identify a potential TBI via visual symptoms may offer a new avenue for diagnosis.

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Martin ◽  
Lara Zimmermann ◽  
Kee D. Kim ◽  
Marike Zwienenberg ◽  
Kiarash Shahlaie
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Neurocritical Care ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Oxygenation ◽  
Barbiturate Coma ◽  
Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Patients with severe traumatic brain injury are best treated with a multidisciplinary, evidence-based, protocol-directed approach, which has been shown to decrease mortality and improve functional outcomes. Therapy is directed at the prevention of secondary brain injury through optimizing cerebral blood flow and the delivery of metabolic fuel (ie, oxygen and glucose). This is accomplished through the measurement and treatment of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), the strict avoidance of hypotension and hypoxemia, and in some instances, surgical management. The treatment of elevated ICP is approached in a protocolized, tiered manner, with escalation of care occurring in the setting of refractory intracranial hypertension, culminating in either decompressive surgery or barbiturate coma. With such an approach, the rates of mortality secondary to traumatic brain injury are declining despite an increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury. This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables and 69 reference Key Words: blast traumatic brain injury, brain oxygenation, cerebral perfusion pressure, decompressive craniectomy, hyperosmolar therapy, intracranial pressure, neurocritical care, penetrating traumatic brain injury, severe traumatic brain injury

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